<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/inc/amt/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Measurement Techniques</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-meas-tech.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1867-1381</issn>
		<eissn>1867-8548</eissn>
		<volume_number>2</volume_number>
		<issue_number>1</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/amt-2-243-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/2/243/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/2/243/2009/amt-2-243-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/2/243/2009/amt-2-243-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>243</start_page>
	<end_page>258</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-06-16</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Experimental characterization of the COndensation PArticle counting System for high altitude aircraft-borne application</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>R. Weigel</name>
			<email>weigelr@uni-mainz.de</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="3">
			<name>M. Hermann</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2,4">
			<name>J. Curtius</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="5">
			<name>C. Voigt</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>S. Walter</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1">
			<name>T. BÃ¶ttger</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="6">
			<name>B. Lepukhov</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="6">
			<name>G. Belyaev</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="9" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>S. Borrmann</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Particle Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Institute for Atmosphere and Environment, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="5" content_type="html">German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="6" content_type="html">Myasishchev Design Bureau, Moscow, Russia</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A characterization of the ultra-fine aerosol particle counter COPAS
(&lt;B&gt;CO&lt;/b&gt;ndensation &lt;B&gt;PA&lt;/B&gt;rticle counting &lt;B&gt;S&lt;/B&gt;ystem) for
operation on board the Russian high altitude research aircraft M-55
Geophysika is presented. The COPAS instrument consists of an aerosol inlet
and two dual-channel continuous flow Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs)
operated with the chlorofluorocarbon FC-43. It operates at pressures between
400 and 50 hPa for aerosol detection in the particle diameter (&lt;I&gt;d&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/I&gt;)
range from 6 nm up to 1 Î¼m. The aerosol inlet, designed for the M-55,
is characterized with respect to aspiration, transmission, and transport
losses. The experimental characterization of counting efficiencies of three
CPCs yields &lt;I&gt;d&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/I&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; (50% detection particle diameter) of 6 nm, 11 nm,
and 15 nm at temperature differences (&amp;Delta;&lt;I&gt;T&lt;/I&gt;) between saturator and
condenser of 17&amp;deg;C, 30&amp;deg;C, and 33&amp;deg;C, respectively. Non-volatile
particles are quantified with a fourth CPC, with &lt;I&gt;d&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/I&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;=11 nm. It
includes an aerosol heating line (250&amp;deg;C) to evaporate
H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O particles of 11 nm&amp;lt;&lt;I&gt;d&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/I&gt;&amp;lt;200 nm at
pressures between 70 and 300 hPa. An instrumental in-flight inter-comparison
of the different COPAS CPCs yields correlation coefficients of 0.996 and
0.985. The particle emission index for the M-55 in the range of 1.4â€“8.4&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; kg&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;
fuel burned has been estimated based on
measurements of the Geophysika&apos;s own exhaust.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Anderson, B. E., Corer, W. R., Crawford, J., Gregory, G. L., Vay, S. A., Brunke, K. E., Kondo, Y., Koike, M., Schlager, H., Baughcum, S. L., Jensen, E., Yongjing Zhao, and Kazuyuki Kita: An assessment of aircraft as a source of particles to the upper troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 26(20), 3069â€“3072, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Arnold, F., Curtius, J., Speng, S., and Deshler, T.: Stratospheric aerosol sulfuric acid: First in situ measurements using a novel balloon-based mass spectrometer apparatus, J. Atmos. Chem., 30, 3â€“10, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Baron, P. A. and Willeke, K.: Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications, 2. Edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Baumgardner, D., Huebert, B., and Wilson, C.: Meeting review: Airborne aerosol inlet workshop, NCAR Technical Note TN-362+1A, 288 pp., 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Borrmann, S., Solomon, S., Dye, J. E., Baumgardner, D., Kelly, K. K., and Chan, K. R.: Heterogeneous reactions on stratospheric background aerosol, volcanic sulfuric acid droplets, and type 1 polar stratospheric clouds: Effect of temperature fluctuations and differences in particle phase, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D3), 3639â€“3648, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> BÃ¶ttger, T.: Aufbau einer Anlage zur Beschichtung luftgetragener Aerosolpartikel mit H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O und H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, Diploma thesis at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Brock, C. A., Hamill, P., Wilson, J. C., Jonsson, H. H., and Chan, K. R.: Particle formation in the upper Tropical Troposphere: A source of nuclei for the stratospheric aerosol, Science, 270, 1650â€“1653, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Carslaw, K. S., Luo, B. P., Clegg, S. L. Peter, T., Brimblecombe, P., and Crutzen, P. J.: Stratospheric Aerosol Growth and HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Gas Phase Depletion from Coupled HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and Water Uptake by Liquid Particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(23), 2479â€“2482, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Cofer, W. R., Anderson, B. E., Winstead, E. L., and Bagwell, D. R.: Calibration and demonstration of a condensation nuclei counting system for airborne measurements of aircraft exhausted particles, Atmos. Environ., 32, 169â€“177, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Corti, T., Luo, B. P., de Reus, M., Brunner, D., Cairo, F., Mahoney, M. J., Martucci, G., Matthey, R., Mitev, V., dos Santos, F. H., Schiller, C., Shur, G., Sitnikov, N. M., Spelten, N., VÃ¶ssing, H. J., Borrmann, S., and Peter, T.: Unprecedented evidence for deep convection hydrating the tropical stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10810, doi:10.1029/2008GL033641, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Curtius, J., Weigel, R., VÃ¶ssing, H.-J., Wernli, H., Werner, A., Volk, C.-M., Konopka, P., Krebsbach, M., Schiller, C., Roiger, A., Schlager, H., Dreiling, V., and Borrmann, S.: Observations of meteoric material and implications for aerosol nucleation in the winter Arctic lower stratosphere derived from in situ particle measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3053â€“3069, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Cziczo, D. J., Thomson, D. S., and Murphy, D. M.: Ablation, flux, and atmospheric implications of meteors inferred from stratospheric aerosol, Science, 291, 1772â€“1775, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Deshler, T., Johnson, B. J., and Rozier, W. R.: Balloonborne measurements of Pinatubo aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41&amp;deg; N: Vertical profiles, size distribution, and volatility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1435â€“1438, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Deshler, T., Hervig, M. E., KrÃ¶ger, C., Hofmann, D. J., Rosen, J. M., and Liley, J. B.: Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41&amp;deg; N), using balloonborne instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4167, doi:10.1029/2002JD002514, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Dreiling, V. and Jaenicke, R.: Aircraft measurement with condensation nuclei counter and optical counter, J. Aerosol Sci., 19, 1045â€“1050, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Fahey, D. W., Keim, E. R., Boering, K. A., Brock, C. A., Wilson, J. C., Jonsson, H. H., Anthony, S., Hanisco, T. F., Wennberg, P. O., Miake-Lye, R. C., Salawitch, R. J., Louisnard, N., Woodbridge, E. L., Gao, R. S., Donnelly, S. G., Wamsley, R. C., Del Negro, L. A., Solomon, S., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Kelly, K. K., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., and Chan, K. R.: Emission Measurements of the Concorde Supersonic Aircraft in the Lower Stratosphere, Science, 270, 5233, doi:10.1126/science.270.5233.70, 1995a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Fahey, D. W., Keim, E. R., Woodbridge, E. L., Gao, R. S., Boering, K. A., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Lohmann, R. P., Hintsa, E. J., Dessler, A. E., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Brock, C. A., Wilson, J. C., Miake-Lye, R. C., Brown, R. C., Rodriguez, J. M., Loewenstein, M., Proffitt, M. H., Stimpfle, R. M., Bowen, S. W., and Chan, K. R.: In situ observations in aircraft exhaust plumes in the lower stratosphere at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D2), 3065â€“3074, 1995b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Hamill, P., Jensen, E. J., Russel, P. B., and Bauman, J. J.: The life cycle of stratospheric aerosol particles, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 1395â€“1410, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Hangal, S. and Willeke, K.: Overall efficiency of turbular inlets sampling at 0â€“90 degrees from horizontal aerosol flows, Atmos. Environ., 24A, 2379â€“2386, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> HÃ¤meri, K., Augustin, J., Kulmala, M., Vesala, T., MÃ¤kelÃ¤, J., Aalto, P., and Krissinel, E.: Evaluation of homogeneous droplet formation inside UCPC (TSI Model 3025), J. Aerosol Sci., 26, 1003â€“1008, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Heintzenberg, J. and Ogren, J. A.: On the operation of the TSI-3020 condensation nuclei counter at altitudes up to 10 km, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1385â€“1387, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Hermann, M., Stratmann, F., Wilck, M., and Wiedensohler, A.: Sampling Characteristics of an Aircraft-Borne Aerosol Inlet System, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18, 7â€“19, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Hermann, M. and Wiedensohler, A.: Counting efficiency of condensation particle counters at low-pressure with illustrative data from the upper troposphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 32, 975â€“991, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Hermann, M., Adler, S., Caldow, R., Stratmann, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: Pressure-dependent efficiency of a condensation particle counter operated with FC-43 as working fluid, J. Aerosol Sci., 36(11), 1322â€“1337, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Hinds, W. C.: Aerosol technology - properties, behaviour, and measurement of airborne particles; 2. Edition, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Jaenicke, R.: Untersuchung von GerÃ¤ten zur Messung der GrÃ¶ÃŸenverteilung groÃŸer Aerosolteilchen in anthropogen nicht beeinfluÃŸten AtmosphÃ¤ren, Dissertation at the Faculty of Natural Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, 1970. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Jaenicke, R.: The optical particle counter. Cross-sensitivity and coincidence, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 95â€“111, 1972. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Ku, B. K. and Maynard, A. D.: Generation and investigation of airborne silver nanoparticles with specific size and morphology by homogeneous nucleation, coagulation and sintering, J. Aerosol Sci., 37, 452â€“470, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> KÃ¼rten, A., Curtius, J., Nillius, B., and Borrmann, S.: Characterization of an automated, water-based expansion condensation nucleus counter for ultra-fine particles, Aersol Sci. Technol., 39(12), 1174â€“1183, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> McMurry, P. H.: The history of condensation nucleus counters, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33, 297â€“322, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Middlebrook, A. M., Thomson, D. S., and Murphy, D. M.: On the purity of laboratory-generated sulfuric acid droplets and ambient particles studied by laser mass spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 27, 293â€“307, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Minikin, A., Petzold, A., StrÃ¶m, J., Krejci, R., Seifert, M., Velthoven, P. V., Schlager, H., and Schumann, U.: Aircraft observation of upper tropospheric fine particle aerosol in the northern an southern hemisphere at midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1503â€“1509, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Murphy, D. M. and Ravishankara, A. R.: Temperature averages and rates of stratospheric reactions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(23), 2471â€“2474, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Murphy, D. M. and Schein, M. E.: Wind tunnel tests of a shrouded aircraft inlet, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 28, 33â€“39, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Murphy, D. M., Thompson, D. S., and Mahoney, M. J.: In situ measurements of organics, meteoritic material, mercury, and other elements in aerosols at 5 to 19 kilometers, Science, 282, 1664â€“1669, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Hudson, P. K., and Thompson, D. S.: Carbonaceous material in aerosol particles in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D04203, doi:10.1029/2006JD007297, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Myasishchev Design Bureau: High-altitude M55 Geophysika aircraft, Handbook, 3. Edition, Myasishchev Design Bureau, Moskau, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Noone, K. J. and Hansson, H.-C.: Calibration of the TSI 3760 condensation nucleus counter for non-standard operating conditions, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 13, 478â€“485, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Peter, T.: Microphysics and heterogeneous chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 48, 785â€“822, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Prather, M. J. and Rodriguez, J. M.: Antarctic ozone: Meteoritic control of HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1â€“4, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Raasch, J. and Umhauer, H.: Errors in the determination of particle size distributions caused by coincidence in optical particle counter, Part. Part. Syst. Char., 1, 53â€“58, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Rosen, J. M.: The boiling point of stratospheric aerosols, J. Appl. Meteorol., 10, 1044â€“1045, 1971. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Rosen, J. M., Pinnick, R. G., and Hall, R.: Recent Measurements of Condensation Nuclei in the Stratosphere, Proceedings 3rd Conference Climatic Impact, Assessment Program, DOT-TCS-OST-74-15, Department of Tranportation, Washington, D.C., 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Saros, M. T., Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., and McMurry, P. H.: Ultra-fine aerosol measurement using a condensation nucleus counter with pulse height analysis, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 25, 200â€“213, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Schlager, H., Konopka, P., Schulte, P., Schumann, U., Ziereis, H., Arnold, F., Klemm, M., Hagen, D. E., Whitefield, P. D., and Ovarlez, J.: In situ observations of air traffic emission signatures in the North Atlantic flight corridor, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D9), 10739â€“10750, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="46" content_type="text"> Schulte, P., Schlager, H., Ziereis, H., Schumann, U., Baughcum, S. L., and Deidewig, F.: NO$_\rm x $ emission indices of subsonic long-range jet aircraft at cruise altitude: In situ measurements and predictions, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D17), 21431â€“21442, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="47" content_type="text"> Schumann, U., Schlager, H., Arnold, F., Baumann, R., Haschberger, P., and Klemm, O.: Dilution of aircraft exhaust plumes at cruise altitudes, Atmos. Environ., 32(18), 3097â€“3103, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="48" content_type="text"> Sinclair, D. and Hoopes, G. S.: A Continuous Flow Condensation Nucleus Counter, J. Aerosol Sci., 6, 1â€“7, 1975. </reference>
		<reference numeration="49" content_type="text"> Spurny, K. R.: Atmospheric condensation nuclei. P. J. Coulier 1875 and J. Aitken 1880. (Historical Review), Aerosol Sci. Technol., 32, 243â€“248, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="50" content_type="text"> Stolzenburg, M. R. and McMurry, P. H.: An Ultrafine Aerosol Condensation Nucleus Counter, Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 14, 4â€“65, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="51" content_type="text"> Thomas, A., Borrmann, S., Kiemle, C., Cairo, F., Volk, M., Beuermann, J., Lepuchov, B., Santacesaria, V., Matthey, R., Radukov, V., Yushkov, V., MacKenzie, A. R., and Stefanutti, L.: In situ measurements of background aerosol and subvisible cirrus in the tropical tropopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4763, doi:10.1029/2001JD001385, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="52" content_type="text"> TSI Incorporated: Model 3760A/3762 Condensation Particle Counter â€“ Instruction Manual, Revision D, TSI Incorporated, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="53" content_type="text"> Turco, R. P., Whitten, R. C., and Toon, O. B.: Stratospheric Aerosols: Observation and theory, Rev. Geophys. Space GE, 20, 233â€“279, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="54" content_type="text"> Twohey, C. H.: Model calculations and wind-tunnel testing of an isokinetic shroud for high-speed sampling, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 29, 261â€“280, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="55" content_type="text"> Voigt, C., Schreiner, J., Kohlmann, A., Zink, P., Mauersberger, K., Larsen, N., Deshler, T., KrÃ¶ger, C., Rosen, J., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Di Donfrancesco, G., Viterbini, M., Ovarlez, J., Ovarlez, H., David, C., and DÃ¶rnbrack, A.: Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT) in Polar Stratospheric Clouds, Science, 290, 1756â€“1758, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="56" content_type="text"> Voigt, C., Larsen, N., Deshler, T., KrÃ¶ger, C., Schreiner, J., Mauersberger, K., Luo, B., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Di Donfrancesco, G., Ovarlez, J., Ovarlez, H., DÃ¶rnbrack, A., Knudsen, B., and Rosen, J.: In situ mountain-wave polar stratospheric cloud measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D15, doi:10.1029/2001JD001185, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="57" content_type="text"> Voigt, C., Schlager, H., Luo, B. P., Dörnbrack, A., Roiger, A., Stock, P., Curtius, J., VÃ¶ssing, H., Borrmann, S., Davies, S., Konopka, P., Schiller, C., Shur, G., and Peter, T.: Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT) formation at low NAT supersaturation in Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1371â€“1380, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="58" content_type="text"> Voigt, C., Schlager, H., Ziereis, H., KÃ¤rcher, B., Luo, B. P., Schiller, C., KrÃ¤mer, M., Popp, P. J., Irie, H., and Kondo, Y.: Nitric acid in cirrus clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L05803, doi:10.1029/2005GL025159, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="59" content_type="text"> Walter, S.: Simulation der UmstrÃ¶mung eines Teilstromentnahme-Einlasssystems fÃ¼r HÃ¶henforschungsflugzeuge, Diploma thesis at the Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="60" content_type="text"> Weber, R. J., Clark, A. D., Litchy, M., Li, J., Kok, G., Schillawski, R. D., and McMurry, P. H.: Spurious aerosol measurements when sampling from aircraft in the vicinity of clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28337â€“28346, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="61" content_type="text"> Wennberg, P. O., Cohen, R. C. Stimpfle, R. M., Koplow, J. P., Anderson, J. G., Salawitch, R. J., Fahey, D. W., Woodbridge, E. L., Keim, E. R., Gao, R. S., Webster, C. R., May, R. D., Toohey, D. W., Avallone, L. M., Proffitt, M. H., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Chan, K. R., and Wofsy, S. C.: Removal of Stratospheric O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; by Radicals: In Situ Measurements of OH, HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ClO, and BrO, Science, 266, 398â€“404, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="62" content_type="text"> Wilson, J. C., Blackshear, E. D., and Hyun, J. H.: An improved continuous flow condensation nucleus counter for use in the stratosphere., J. Aerosol Sci., 14, 387â€“391, 1983a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="63" content_type="text"> Wilson, J. C., Hyun, J. H., and Blackshear, E. D.: The function and response of an improved stratospheric condensation nucleus counter, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6781â€“6785, 1983b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="64" content_type="text"> Wilson, J. C., Stolzenburg, M. R., Clark, W. E., Loewenstein, M., Ferry, G. V., Chan, K. R., and Kelly, K. K.: Stratospheric sulfate aerosol in and near the northern hemisphere polar vortex: The morphology of the sulfate layer, multimodal size distribution, and the effect of denitrification, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7997â€“8013, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="65" content_type="text"> Zhang, Z. Q. and Liu, B. Y. H.: Dependence of the performance of TSI 3020 condensation nucleus counter on pressure, flow rate and temperature, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 13, 493â€“504, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="66" content_type="text"> Zhang, Z. Q. and Liu, B. Y. H.: Performance of TSI 3760 Condensation Nuclei Counter at reduced pressure and flow rates, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 15, 228â€“238, 1991. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

