Atmospheric Measurement Techniques www.atmos-meas-tech.net 1867-1381 1867-8548 3 1 2010 10.5194/amt-3-129-2010 http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/129/2010/ http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/129/2010/amt-3-129-2010.html http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/129/2010/amt-3-129-2010.pdf 129 140 2010-02-03 Mobile MAX-DOAS observations of tropospheric trace gases T. Wagner thomas.wagner@mpch-mainz.mpg.de O. Ibrahim R. Shaiganfar U. Platt Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Germany From Multi-Axis- (MAX-) DOAS observations, information on tropospheric trace gases close to the surface and up to the free troposphere can be obtained. Usually MAX-DOAS observations are performed at fixed locations, which allows to retrieve the diurnal variation of tropospheric species at that location. Alternatively, MAX-DOAS observations can also be made on mobile platforms like cars, ships or aircrafts. Then, in addition to the vertical (and temporal) distribution, also the horizontal variation of tropospheric trace gases can be measured. Such information is important for the quantitative comparison with model simulations, study of transport processes, and for the validation of tropospheric trace gas products from satellite observations. However, for MAX-DOAS observations from mobile platforms, the standard analysis techniques for MAX-DOAS observations can usually not be applied, because the probed airmasses can change rapidly between successive measurements. In this study we introduce a new technique which overcomes these problems and allows the exploitation of the full information content of mobile MAX-DOAS observations. Our method can also be applied to MAX-DOAS observations made at fixed locations in order to improve the accuracy especially in cases of strong winds. We apply the new technique to MAX-DOAS observations made during an automobile trip from Brussels to Heidelberg. Brinksma, E. J., Pinardi, G., Volten, H., Braak, R., Richter, A., Schönhardt, A., van Roozendael, M., Fayt, C., Hermans, C., Dirksen, R. J., Vlemmix, T., Berkhout, A. J. C., Swart, D. P. J., Ötjen, H.,Wittrock, F.,Wagner, T., Ibrahim, O. W., de Leeuw, G. M., Moerman, R. L., Curier, E. A., Celarier, W. H., Cede, A., Knap, J. P., Veefkind, H. J., Eskes, M., Allaart, R., Rothe, A., Piters, J. M., and Levelt P. F.: The 2005 and 2006 DANDELIONS NO₂ and Aerosol Validation Campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16S46, doi:10.1029/2007JD008808, 2008. Bogumil, K., Orphal, J., Homann, T., Voigt, S., Spietz, P., Fleischmann, O. C., Vogel, A., Hartmann, M., Bovensmann, H., Frerik, J., and Burrows, J. P.: Measurements of Molecular Absorption Spectra with the SCIAMACHY Pre-Flight Model: Instrument Characterization and Reference Data for Atmospheric Remote-Sensing in the 230–2380 nm Region, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A., 157, 167-1-84, 2003. Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., No\"el, S., Rozanov, V. V., Chance, K. V., and Goede, A. H. P.: SCIAMACHY – Mission objectives and measurement modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56(2), 127–150, 1999. Bruns, M., Buehler, S. A., Burrows, J. P., Richter, A., Rozanov, A., Wang, P., Heue, K. P., Platt, U., Pundt, I., and Wagner, T.: NO₂ Profile retrieval using airborne multi axis UV-visible skylight absorption measurements over central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3049–3058, 2006. Celarier, E. A., Brinksma, E. J., Gleason, J. F., Veefkind, J. P., Cede, A., Herman, J. R, Ionov, D., Goutail, F., Pommereau, J-P., Lambert, J-C., van Roosendael M., Pinardi, G., Wittrock, F., Schönhardt, A., Richter, A., Ibrahim, O.W., Wagner, T., Bojkov, B., Mount, G., Spinei, E., Chen, C. M., Pongetti, T. J., Sander, S. P., Bucsela, E. J., Wenig, M. O., Swart, D. P. J., Volten, H., Kroon, M., and Levelt, P. F.: Validation of Ozone Monitoring Instrument Nitrogen Dioxide Columns, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S15, doi:10.1029/2007JD008908, 2008. Dix, B., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Frieß, U., Wagner, T., and Platt, U.: Airborne multi-axis DOAS measurements of atmospheric trace gases on CARIBIC long-distance flights, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 2, 265–301, 2009. Fayt, C., Van Roozendael, M., WinDOAS 2.1 Software User Manual, (available at: http://www.oma.be/GOME/GOMEBrO/WinDOAS-SUM-210b.pdf), 2001. Fietkau, S., Medeke, T., Richter, A., Sheode, N., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Wittrock, F., Theys, N., van Roozendael, M., and Burrows, J. P.: Ground-based measurements of tropospheric and stratospheric bromine monoxide above Nairobi (1° S, 36° E), Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 6527–6555, 2007. Frieß, U., Monks, P. S., Remedios, J. J., Rozanov, A., Sinreich, R., Wagner, T., and Platt, U.: MAX-DOAS O₄ measurements: A new technique to derive information on atmospheric aerosols (II), Modelling studies, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14203, doi:10.1029/2005JD006618, 2006. Grainger, J. F. and Ring, J.: Anomalous Fraunhofer line profiles, Nature, 193, 762, 1962. Greenblatt, G. D., Orlando, J. J., Burkholder, J.,B., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Absorption measurements of oxygen between 330 and 1140 nm, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18577–18582, 1990. Heckel, A., Richter, A., Tarsu, T., Wittrock, F., Hak, C., Pundt, I., Junkermann, W., and Burrows, J. P.: MAX-DOAS measurements of formaldehyde in the Po-Valley, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 909–918, 2005. Herman, J., Cede, A., Spinei, E., Mount, G., Tzortziou, M., and Abuhassan, N.: NO column amounts from ground-based Pandora and MFDOAS spectrometers using the direct-sun DOAS technique, Intercomparisons and application to OMI validation, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D13307, doi:10.1029/2009JD011848, 2009. Heue, K.-P., Richter, A., Bruns, M., Burrows, J. P., v. Friedeburg, C., Platt, U., Pundt, I., Wang, P., and Wagner, T.: Validation of SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO₂-columns with AMAXDOAS measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1039–1051, 2005. Hönninger G. and Platt, U.: Observations of BrO and its vertical distribution during surface ozone depletion at Alert, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2481–2490, 2002. Hönninger, G., von Friedeburg, C., and Platt, U.: Multi axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 231–254, 2004. Hönninger G., Leser H., Sebastian O., and Platt U., Ground-based Measurements of Halogen Oxides at the Hudson Bay by Active Long Path DOAS and Passive MAX-DOAS, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L04111, doi:10.1029/2003GL018982, 2004b. Ibrahim, O. W.: Applications on Ground-based Tropospheric Measurements using Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, PhD-thesis, University of Heidelberg, Germany, 2009. Irie, H., Kanaya, Y., Akimoto, H., Tanimoto, H., Wang, Z., Gleason, J. F., and Bucsela, E. J.: Validation of OMI tropospheric NO₂ column data using MAX-DOAS measurements deep inside the North China Plain in June 2006: Mount Tai Experiment 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6577–6586, 2008. Johansson, M., Galle, B., Yu, T., Tang, L., Chen, D., Li, H., Li, J. X., and Zhang, Y.: Quantification 20 of total emission of air pollutants from Beijing using mobile mini-DOAS, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6926–6933, 2008. Johansson, M., Rivera, C., de Foy, B., Lei, W., Song, J., Zhang, Y., Galle, B., and Molina, L.: Mobile mini-DOAS measurement of the emission of NO₂ and HCHO from Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 865–882, 2009. Kraus, DOASIS, A Framework Design for DOAS, PhD-thesis, University of Mannheim, available at: http://hci.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/publications/dip/2006/Kraus_PhD2006.pdf, 2006. Kurucz, R. L., Furenlid, I., Brault, J., and Testerman, L.: Solar flux atlas from 296 nm to 1300 nm, National Solar Observatory Atlas No 1, 1984. Leser, H., Hönninger, G., and Platt, U.: MAX-DOAS measurements of BrO and NO₂ in the marine boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 10, doi:10.1029/2002GL015811, 2003. Levelt, P. F. and Noordhoek, R.: OMI Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document Volume I: OMI Instrument, Level 0–1b Processor, Calibration & Operations, Tech. Rep. ATBD-OMI-01, Version 1.1, August 2002. Marquard, L. C., Wagner, T., and Platt, U.: Improved Air Mass Factor Concepts for Scattered Radiation Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy of Atmospheric Species, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1315–1327, 2000. Noxon, J. F., Whipple, E. C., and Hyde, R. S.: Stratospheric NO₂. 1. Observational method and behaviour at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 5047–5076, 1979. Perliski, L. M. and Solomon, S.: On the evaluation of air mass factors for atmospheric near-ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10363–10374, 1993. Platt, U. and Stutz, J.: Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, Principles and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 2008. Rothman, L. S., Jacquemart, D., Barbe, A., Benner, D. C., Birk, M., Brown, L. R., Carleer, M. R., Chackerian Jr., C., Chance, K., Coudert, L. H., Dana, V., Devi, V. M., Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R. R., Goldman, A., Hartmann, J.-M., Jucks, K. W., Maki, A. G., Mandin, J.-Y., Massie, S. T., Orphal, J., Perrin, A., Rinsland, C. P., Smith, M. A. H., Tennyson, J., Tolchenov, R.,N., Toth, R. A., Vander Auwera, J., Varanasi, P., Wagner, G.: The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 96, 139–204, 2005. Sinreich, R., Frieß, U., Wagner, T., and Platt, U.: Multi axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) of gas and aerosol distributions, Faraday Discuss., 130, doi:10.1039/b419274, 2005. Solomon, S., Schmeltekopf, A. L., and Sanders, R. W.: On the interpretation of zenith sky absorption measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8311–8319, 1987. Stutz, J. and Platt, U.: Numerical Analyses and Estimation of the Statistical Error of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Measurements with Least Square Methods, Appl. Opt., 35, 6041–6053, 1996. Theys, N., Van Roozendael, M., Hendrick, F., Fayt, C., Hermans, C., Baray, J.-L., Goutail, F., Pommereau, J.-P., and De Mazière, M.: Retrieval of stratospheric and tropospheric BrO columns from multi-axis DOAS measurements at Reunion Island (21° S, 56° E), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4733–4749, 2007. Vandaele, A. C., Hermans, C., Simon, P. C., Carleer, M., Colin, R., Fally, S., Mérienne, M. F., Jenouvrier, A., and Coquart, B.: Measurements of the NO₂ Absorption Cross-section from 42000 cm-1 to 10000 cm-1 (238–1000 nm) at 220 K and 294 K, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 59, 171–184, 1997. Van Roozendael, M., Fayt, C., Post, P., Hermans, C., and Lambert, J.-C.: Retrieval of BrO and NO₂ from UV-Visible Observations, in: Sounding the troposphere from space: a new era for atmospheric chemistry, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-40873-8, edited by Borrell, P. M., Burrows, J. P., Platt, U., et al., 2003. Volk, R., Auto-MAX-DOAS, Diploma thesis, University of Heidelberg, 2008. Wagner, T., Dix, B., v. Friedeburg, C., Frieß, U., Sanghavi, S., Sinreich, R., and Platt, U.: MAX-DOAS O₄ measurements: A new technique to derive information on atmospheric aerosols – Principles and information content, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22205, doi:10.1029/2004JD004904, 2004. Wagner, T., Burrows, J. P., Deutschmann, T., Dix, B., von Friedeburg, C., Frieß, U., Hendrick, F., Heue, K.-P., Irie, H., Iwabuchi, H., Kanaya, Y., Keller, J., McLinden, C. A., Oetjen, H., Palazzi, E., Petritoli, A., Platt, U., Postylyakov, O., Pukite, J., Richter, A., van Roozendael, M., Rozanov, A., Rozanov, V., Sinreich, R., Sanghavi, S., and Wittrock, F.: Comparison of box-air-mass-factors and radiances for Multiple-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) geometries calculated from different UV/visible radiative transfer models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1809–1833, 2007. Wagner, T., Ibrahim, O., Sinreich, R., Frieß, U., von Glasow, R., and Platt, U.: Enhanced tropospheric BrO over Antarctic sea ice in mid winter observed by MAX-DOAS on board the research vessel Polarstern, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3129–3142, 2007. Wagner, T., Deutschmann, T., and Platt, U.: Determination of aerosol properties from MAX-DOAS observations of the Ring effect, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 495–512, 2009. Wang, P., Richter, A., Bruns, M., Rozanov, V. V., Burrows, J. P., Heue, K.-P., Wagner, T., Pundt, I., and Platt, U.: Measurements of tropospheric NO₂ with an airborne multi-axis DOAS instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 337–343, 2005. Wang, P., Richter, A., Bruns, M., Burrows, J. P., Scheele, R., Junkermann, W., Heue, K.-P., Wagner, T., Platt, U., and Pundt, I.: Airborne multi-axis DOAS measurements of tropospheric SO₂ plumes in the Po-valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 329–338, 2006. Wittrock, F., Oetjen, H., Richter, A., Fietkau, S., Medeke, T., Rozanov, A., and Burrows, J. P.: MAX-DOAS measurements of atmospheric trace gases in Ny-Ålesund – Radiative transfer studies and their application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 955–966, 2004.