<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/inc/amt/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Measurement Techniques</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-meas-tech.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1867-1381</issn>
		<eissn>1867-8548</eissn>
		<volume_number>3</volume_number>
		<issue_number>1</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/amt-3-177-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/177/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/177/2010/amt-3-177-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/177/2010/amt-3-177-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>177</start_page>
	<end_page>185</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-02-09</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">A comparison of spectrophotometric and denuder based approaches for the determination of gaseous molecular iodine</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>R. J. Chance</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Shaw</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1,2">
			<name>L. Telgmann</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="3">
			<name>M. Baxter</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>L. J. Carpenter</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Department of Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The presence of molecular iodine in the atmosphere is thought to have
implications for both climate and human nutritional health, but measurement
of the gas at low concentrations requires technically demanding techniques
that are not widely accessible. Here, amylose coated denuder tubes and
solvent traps coupled with spectrophotometric detection are evaluated and
compared as relatively cheap and straightforward methods to measure gaseous
molecular iodine at environmentally relevant concentrations. Denuder tubes
were found to give unacceptably low and highly variable recoveries of
molecular iodine from a test gas source, with values ranging from 1 to
62%. Blank concentrations were also high, being equivalent to a gas phase
concentration of 5 pptv under typical operating conditions. Ethanol and
hexane solvent traps gave much better performance. Optimisation of the
hexane solvent trap method gave 100% recovery and an atmospheric limit of
detection of 70 pptv, which is within the range of concentrations observed
in the coastal marine atmosphere.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Augdahl, E. and Klaeboe, P.: Spectroscopic studies of charge transfer complexes XIII. Dimethylcyanamide and iodine, iodine monochloride and iodine monobromide, Act. Chem. Scand., 19, 807–816, 1965. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Bates, F. L., French, D., and Rundle, R. E.: Amylose and amylopectin content of starches determined by their iodine complex formation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65, 142–148, 1943. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Black, A. P. and Whittle, G. P.: New methods for the colorimetric determination of halogen residuals. Part I. Iodine, iodide, and iodate, J. Am. Water Works Assn., 59, 471–490, 1967. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Calabrese, V. T. and Khan, A.: Amylose-iodine complex formation without KI: Evidence for absence of iodide ions within the complex, J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem., 37, 2711–2717, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Chen, H., Brand, T., Bandur, R., and Hoffmann, T.: Characterization of iodine species in the marine aerosol: to understand their roles in particle formation processes, Front. Chem. Chin., 2, 119–129, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Dixneuf, S., Ruth, A. A., Vaughan, S., Varma, R. M., and Orphal, J.: The time dependence of molecular iodine emission from \it Laminaria digitata, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 823–829, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Finley, B. D. and Saltzman, E. S.: Observations of Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Br&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in coastal marine air, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D21301, doi:10.1029/2008JD010269, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Garland, J. A. and Curtis, H.: Emission of Iodine from the Sea-Surface in the Presence of Ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3183–3186, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Harris, D. C.: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th edn., 726~pp., W. H. Freeman, New York, USA, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Huang, R. J. and Hoffmann, T.: Development of a Coupled Diffusion Denuder System Combined with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Separation and Quantification of Molecular Iodine and the Activated Iodine Compounds Iodine Monochloride and Hypoiodous Acid in the Marine Atmosphere, Anal. Chem., 81, 1777–1783, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Kloskowski, A., Pilarczyk, M., and Namiesnik, J.: Denudation – A convenient method of isolation and enrichment of analytes, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 32, 301–335, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Küpper, F. C., Carpenter, L. J., McFiggans, G. B., Palmer, C. J., Waite, T. J., Boneberg, E. M., Woitsch, S., Weiller, M., Abela, R., Grolimund, D., Potin, P., Butler, A., Luther, G. W., Kroneck, P. M. H., Meyer-Klaucke, W., and Feiters, M. C.: Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105, 6954–6958, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Lengyel, I., Epstein, I. R., and Kustin, K.: Kinetics of Iodine Hydrolysis, Inorganic Chemistry, 32, 5880–5882, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Nakanishi, K. and Asakura, S.: Solubility of Iodine in Mixed-Solvents – Case-Study of Preferential Solvation in Nonpolar and Associated Solutions, J. Phys. Chem., 81, 1745–1750, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> O&apos;Dowd, C. D. and Hoffmann, T.: Coastal new particle formation: A review of the current state-of-the-art, Environ. Chem., 2, 245–255, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Palmer, C. J., Anders, T. L., Carpenter, L. J., Küpper, F. C., and McFiggans, G. B.: Iodine and halocarbon response of \textitLaminaria digitata to oxidative stress and links to atmospheric new particle production, Environ. Chem., 2, 282–290, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Palmer, D. A. and Lietzke, M. H.: The equilibria and kinetics of iodine hydrolysis, Rad. Chim. Acta., 31, 37–44, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Paquette, J. and Beverly L. F.: Iodine chemistry in the +1 oxidation state. I. The electronic spectra of OI$^-$, HOI, and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;OI$^+$, Can. J. Chem., 63, 2444–2448, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Raisbeck, G. M. and Yiou, F.: $^129$I in the oceans: origins and applications, Sci. Tot. Environ., 237/238, 31–41, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Rajendran, P.: Aqueous chemistry of iodine in seawater: potential chemical sources of iodine in the marine atmosphere, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, 67–68, 79–80, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Rendleman, J. A.: The reaction of starch with iodine vapor. Determination of iodide-ion content of starch-iodine complexes, Carbohydr. Polym., 51, 191–202, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Rundle, R. E. and French, D.: The configuration of starch in the starch-iodine complex. III. X-Ray diffraction studies of the starch-iodine complex, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 65, 1707–1710, 1943. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Saiz-Lopez, A., Plane, J. M. C., McFiggans, G., Williams, P. I., Ball, S. M., Bitter, M., Jones, R. L., Hongwei, C., and Hoffmann, T.: Modelling molecular iodine emissions in a coastal marine environment: the link to new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 883–895, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Saiz-Lopez, A., Shillito, J. A., Coe, H., and Plane, J. M. C.: Measurements and modelling of I&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, IO, OIO, BrO and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; in the mid-latitude marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1513–1528, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Saiz-Lopez, A. and Boxe, C. S.: A mechanism for biologically-induced iodine emissions from sea-ice, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 2953–2976, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Wall, M., Tarnovsky, A. N., Pascher, T., Sundstrom, V., and Akesson, E.: Photodissociation dynamics of iodoform in solution, J. Phys. Chem. A., 107, 211–217, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> WHO: Iodine status worldwide: WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Williams, D. H. and Fleming, I.: Spectroscopic methods in organic chemistry, 5th edn., McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Maidenhead, UK, 1995. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

