Atmospheric Measurement Techniques www.atmos-meas-tech.net 1867-1381 1867-8548 3 1 2010 10.5194/amt-3-263-2010 http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/263/2010/ http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/263/2010/amt-3-263-2010.html http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/263/2010/amt-3-263-2010.pdf 263 271 2010-02-23 Development of a Bioaerosol single particle detector (BIO IN) for the Fast Ice Nucleus CHamber FINCH U. Bundke bundke@iau.uni-frankfurt.de B. Reimann B. Nillius R. Jaenicke H. Bingemer Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany In this work we present the setup and first tests of our new BIO IN detector. This detector was constructed to classify atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) for their biological content. It is designed to be coupled to the Fast Ice Nucleus CHamber FINCH. If one particle acts as an ice nucleus, it will be at least partly covered with ice at the end of the development section of the FINCH chamber. The device combines an auto-fluorescence detector and a circular depolarization detector for simultaneous detection of biological material and discrimination between water droplets, ice crystals and non activated large aerosol particles. The excitation of biological material with UV light and analysis of auto-fluorescence is a common principle used for flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, spectroscopy and imaging. The detection of auto-fluorescence of airborne single particles demands some more experimental effort. However, expensive commercial sensors are available for special purposes, e.g. size distribution measurements. But these sensors will not fit the specifications needed for the FINCH IN counter (e.g. high sample flow of up 10 LPM). <br><br> The newly developed -low cost- BIO IN sensor uses a single high-power UV LED for the electronic excitation instead of much more expensive UV lasers. Other key advantages of the new sensor are the low weight, compact size, and the little effect on the aerosol sample, which allows it to be coupled with other instruments for further analysis. <br><br> The instrument will be flown on one of the first missions of the new German research aircraft "HALO" (High Altitude and LOng range). Ariya, P. A. and Amyot, M.: New Directions: The role of bioaerosols in atmospheric chemistry and physics, Atmos Environ., 38, 1231–1232, 2004. Bundke, U., Nillius, B., Jaenicke, R., Wetter, T., Klein, H., and Bingemer, H.: The fast Ice Nucleus chamber FINCH, Atmos. Res., 90, 180–186, 2008. Deguillaume, L., Leriche, M., Amato, P., Ariya, P. A., Delort, A.-M., Pöschl, U., Chaumerliac, N., Bauer, H., Flossmann, A. I., and Morris, C. E.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: chemical interactions of primary biological aerosols, Biogeosciences, 5, 1073–1084, 2008. Demchenko, A. P.: Ultraviolet spectroscopy of proteins, Springer, Berlin ; London, 312 pp., 1986. Diehl, K., Quick, C., Matthias-Maser, S., Mitra, S. K., and Jaenicke, R.: The ice nucleating ability of pollen – Part I: Laboratory studies in deposition and condensation freezing modes, Atmos. Res., 58, 75–87, 2001. Diehl, K., Matthias-Maser, S., Jaenicke, R., and Mitra, S. K.: The ice nucleating ability of pollen: Part II. Laboratory studies in immersion and contact freezing modes, Atmos. Res., 61, 125–133, 2002. Georgakopoulos, D. G., Després, V., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Psenner, R., Ariya, P. A., Pösfai, M., Ahern, H. E., Moffett, B. F., and Hill, T. C. J.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: biological, physical and chemical characterization of aerosol particles, Biogeosciences, 6, 721–737, 2009. Hairston, P. P., Ho, J., and Quant, F. R.: Design of an instrument for real-time detection of bioaerosols using simultaneous measurement of particle aerodynamic size and intrinsic fluorescence, J. Aerosol Sci., 28, 471–482, 1997. Heymsfield, A. J. and Mossop, S. C.: Temperature-Dependence of Secondary Ice Crystal Production during Soft Hail Growth by Riming, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 765–770, 1984. Ho, J., Spence, M., and Hairston, P.: Measurement of biological aerosol with a fluorescent aerodynamic particle sizer (FLAPS): Correlation of optical data with biological data, Rapid Methods for Analysis of Biological Materials in the Environment, 30, 177–201, 2000. Huang, S. H., Heikal, A. A., and Webb, W. W.: Two-photon fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy of NAD(P)H and flavoprotein, Biophys. J., 82, 2811–2825, 2002. Huffman, J. A., Treutlein, B., and Pöschl, U.: Fluorescent biological aerosol particle concentrations and size distributions measured with an ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS) in Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 17705–17751, 2009. Jaenicke, R.: Abundance of cellular material and proteins in the atmosphere, Science, 308, 73–73, 2005. Jaenicke, R., Matthias-Maser, S., and Gruber, S.: Omnipresence of biological material in the atmosphere, Environ. Chem., 4, 217–220, 2007. Maki, L. R., Galyan, E. L., Changchi. M., and Caldwell, D. R.: Ice Nucleation Induced by Pseudomonas-Syringae, Appl. Microbiol., 28, 456–459, 1974. Maki, L. R. and Garvey, D. M.: Bacterially Induced Ice Nucleation, Transactions-American Geophysical Union, 56, 994–994, 1975. Möhler, O., DeMott, P. J., Vali, G., and Levin, Z.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics, Biogeosciences, 4, 1059–1071, 2007. Möhler, O., Georgakopoulos, D. G., Morris, C. E., Benz, S., Ebert, V., Hunsmann, S., Saathoff, H., Schnaiter, M., and Wagner, R.: Heterogeneous ice nucleation activity of bacteria: new laboratory experiments at simulated cloud conditions, Biogeosciences, 5, 1425–1435, 2008. Morris, C. E., Sands, D. C., Bardin, M., Jaenicke, R., Vogel, B., Leyronas, C., Ariya, P. A., and Psenner, R.: Microbiology and atmospheric processes: an upcoming era of research on bio-meteorology, Biogeosciences Discuss., 5, 191-212, 2008. Mossop, S. C.: Secondary Ice Particle-Production during Rime Growth - the Effect of Drop Size Distribution and Rimer Velocity, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 1113–1124, 1985. Palumbo, G. and Pratesi, R.: Lasers and current optical techniques in biology, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, XXIV, 658 pp., 2004. Pan, Y. L., Hartings, J., Pinnick, R. G., Hill, S. C., Halverson, J., and Chang, R. K.: Single-particle fluorescence spectrometer for ambient aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 37, 628–639, 2003. Pan, Y. L., Pinnick, R. G., Hill, S. C., and Chang, R. K.: Particle-Fluorescence Spectrometer for Real-Time Single-Particle Measurements of Atmospheric Organic Carbon and Biological Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 429–434, 2009. Pratt, K. A., DeMott, P. J., French, J. R., Wang, Z., Westphal, D. L., Heymsfield, A. J., Twohy, C. H., Prenni, A. J., and Prather, K. A.: In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystals, Nature Geosci., 2, 397–400, 2009. Prenni, A. J., Petters, M. D., Kreidenweis, S. M., Heald, C. L., Martin, S. T., Artaxo, P., Garland, R. M., Wollny, A. G., and Pöschl, U.: Relative roles of biogenic emissions and Saharan dust as ice nuclei in the Amazon basin, Nature Geosci., 2, 401–404, 2009. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, 2nd rev. and enl. ed., Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library; v. 18, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, xx, 954 pp., 1996. Schnell, R. C., and Vali, G.: Biogenic Ice Nuclei .1. Terrestrial and Marine Sources, J Atmos Sci, 33, 1554-1564, 1976. Scott, T. G., Spencer, R. D., Leonard, N. J., and Weber, G.: Emission Properties of Nadh . Fluorescence Lifetimes and Quantum Efficiencies of Nadh and Simplified Synthetic Models, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. S., Bi39-&, 1969. Seaver, M., Eversole, J. D., Hardgrove, J. J., Cary, W. K., and Roselle, D. C.: Size and fluorescence measurements for field detection of biological aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 30, 174–185, 1999. Sivaprakasam, V., Huston, A. L., Scotto, C., and Eversole, J. D.: Multiple UV wavelength excitation and fluorescence of bioaerosols, Opt. Express, 12, 4457–4466, 2004. Szyrmer, W. and Zawadzki, I.: Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of ice-forming nuclei: A review, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 209–228, 1997. Vali, G. and Schnell, R. C.: Biogenic Sources of Atmospheric Ice Nuclei – Review, Transactions-American Geophysical Union, 56, 994–994, 1975. Vali, G., Christensen, M., Fresh, R. W., Galyan, E. L., Maki, L. R., and Schnell, R. C.: Biogenic Ice Nuclei .2. Bacterial Sources, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1565–1570, 1976. von Blohn, N., Mitra, S. K., Diehl, K., and Borrmann, S.: The ice nucleating ability of pollen: Part III: New laboratory studies in immersion and contact freezing modes including more pollen types, Atmos. Res., 78, 182–189, 2005. Warren, S. G.: Optical-Constants of Ice from the Ultraviolet to the Microwave, Appl. Optics, 23, 1206–1225, 1984. Wetlaufer, D. B.: Ultraviolet Spectra of Proteins and Amino Acids, Advances in Protein Chemistry, 17, 303–390, 1962. Wozniak, B. and Dera, J.: Light absorption in sea water, Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library; v. 33, Springer, New York, N.Y., viii, 452 p., 458 p. of plates pp., 2007.