Articles | Volume 6, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3147-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3147-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
19 Nov 2013
Review article |
| 19 Nov 2013
A review of turbulence measurements using ground-based wind lidars
A. Sathe
DTU Wind Energy, Risø campus, Roskilde, Denmark
DTU Wind Energy, Risø campus, Roskilde, Denmark
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Liqin Jin, Jakob Mann, Nikolas Angelou, and Mikael Sjöholm
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 6007–6023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6007-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6007-2023, 2023
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By sampling the spectra from continuous-wave Doppler lidars very fast, the rain-induced Doppler signal can be suppressed and the bias in the wind velocity estimation can be reduced. The method normalizes 3 kHz spectra by their peak values before averaging them down to 50 Hz. Over 3 h, we observe a significant reduction in the bias of the lidar data relative to the reference sonic data when the largest lidar focus distance is used. The more it rains, the more the bias is reduced.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Abdul Haseeb Syed and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-142, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2023-142, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for WES
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Wind flow consists of swirling patterns of air called eddies, some as big as many kilometers across, while others are as small as just a few meters. This paper introduces a method to simulate these large swirling patterns on a flat grid. Using these simulations we can better figure out how these large eddies affect big wind turbines in terms of loads and forces.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liqin Jin, Mauro Ghirardelli, Jakob Mann, Mikael Sjöholm, Stephan T. Kral, and Joachim Reuder
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1546, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1546, 2023
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Three-dimensional wind fields can be accurately measured by sonic anemometers. However, the traditional mast-mounted sonic anemometers are difficult to be placed for offshore wind energy, which can be potentially overcome by drones. Therefore, we conducted a proof-of-concept study by applying three continuous-wave Doppler lidars to characterize the complex flow around a drone to validate the results obtained by simulations. Both methods show a good agreement with a velocity difference of 0.1m/s.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolas Angelou, Jakob Mann, and Camille Dubreuil-Boisclair
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 1511–1531, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1511-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1511-2023, 2023
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This study presents the first experimental investigation using two nacelle-mounted wind lidars that reveal the upwind and downwind conditions relative to a full-scale floating wind turbine. We find that in the case of floating wind turbines with small pitch and roll oscillating motions (< 1°), the ambient turbulence is the main driving factor that determines the propagation of the wake characteristics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wei Fu, Alessandro Sebastiani, Alfredo Peña, and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 677–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-677-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-677-2023, 2023
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Nacelle lidars with different beam scanning locations and two types of systems are considered for inflow turbulence estimations using both numerical simulations and field measurements. The turbulence estimates from a sonic anemometer at the hub height of a Vestas V52 turbine are used as references. The turbulence parameters are retrieved using the radial variances and a least-squares procedure. The findings from numerical simulations have been verified by the analysis of the field measurements.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Abdul Haseeb Syed, Jakob Mann, Andreas Platis, and Jens Bange
Wind Energ. Sci., 8, 125–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-125-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-125-2023, 2023
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Wind turbines extract energy from the incoming wind flow, which needs to be recovered. In very large offshore wind farms, the energy is recovered mostly from above the wind farm in a process called entrainment. In this study, we analyzed the effect of atmospheric stability on the entrainment process in large offshore wind farms using measurements recorded by a research aircraft. This is the first time that in situ measurements are used to study the energy recovery process above wind farms.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Felix Kelberlau and Jakob Mann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5323–5341, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5323-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5323-2022, 2022
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Floating lidar systems are used for measuring wind speeds offshore, and their motion influences the measurements. This study describes the motion-induced bias on mean wind speed estimates by simulating the lidar sampling pattern of a moving lidar. An analytic model is used to validate the simulations. The bias is low and depends on amplitude and frequency of motion as well as on wind shear. It has been estimated for the example of the Fugro SEAWATCH wind lidar buoy carrying a ZX 300M lidar.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wei Fu, Alfredo Peña, and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 7, 831–848, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-831-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-831-2022, 2022
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Measuring the variability of the wind is essential to operate the wind turbines safely. Lidars of different configurations have been placed on the turbines’ nacelle to measure the inflow remotely. This work found that the multiple-beam lidar is the only one out of the three employed nacelle lidars that can give detailed information about the inflow variability. The other two commercial lidars, which have two and four beams, respectively, measure only the fluctuation in the along-wind direction.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikolas Angelou, Jakob Mann, and Ebba Dellwik
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2255–2268, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2255-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2255-2022, 2022
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In this study we use state-of-the-art scanning wind lidars to investigate the wind field in the near-wake region of a mature, open-grown tree. Our measurements provide for the first time a picture of the mean and the turbulent spatial fluctuations in the flow in the wake of a tree in its natural environment. Our observations support the hypothesis that even simple models can realistically simulate the turbulent fluctuations in the wake and thus predict the effect of trees in flow models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pedro Santos, Jakob Mann, Nikola Vasiljević, Elena Cantero, Javier Sanz Rodrigo, Fernando Borbón, Daniel Martínez-Villagrasa, Belén Martí, and Joan Cuxart
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1793–1810, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1793-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1793-2020, 2020
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This study presents results from the Alaiz experiment (ALEX17), featuring the characterization of two cases with flow features ranging from 0.1 to 10 km in complex terrain. We show that multiple scanning lidars can capture in detail a type of atmospheric wave that can happen up to 10 % of the time at this site. The results are in agreement with multiple ground observations and demonstrate the role of atmospheric stability in flow phenomena that need to be better captured by numerical models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Martin Dörenkämper, Bjarke T. Olsen, Björn Witha, Andrea N. Hahmann, Neil N. Davis, Jordi Barcons, Yasemin Ezber, Elena García-Bustamante, J. Fidel González-Rouco, Jorge Navarro, Mariano Sastre-Marugán, Tija Sīle, Wilke Trei, Mark Žagar, Jake Badger, Julia Gottschall, Javier Sanz Rodrigo, and Jakob Mann
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5079–5102, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5079-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5079-2020, 2020
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This is the second of two papers that document the creation of the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA). The paper includes a detailed description of the technical and practical aspects that went into running the mesoscale simulations and the microscale downscaling for generating the climatology. A comprehensive evaluation of each component of the NEWA model chain is presented using observations from a large set of tall masts located all over Europe.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pedro Santos, Alfredo Peña, and Jakob Mann
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-960, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-960, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
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We show that the vector of vertical flux of horizontal momentum and the vector of the mean vertical gradient of horizontal velocity are not aligned, based on Doppler wind lidar observations up to 500 m, both offshore and onshore. We illustrate that a mesoscale model output matches the observed mean wind speed and momentum fluxes well, but that this model output as well as idealized large-eddy simulations have deviations with the observations when looking at the turning of the wind.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Robert Menke, Nikola Vasiljević, Johannes Wagner, Steven P. Oncley, and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1059–1073, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1059-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1059-2020, 2020
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The estimation of wind resources in complex terrain is challenging as the wind conditions change significantly over short distances, different to flat terrain, where spatial changes are small. We demonstrate in this work that wind lidars can remotely map wind resources over large areas. This will have implications for the planning of wind energy projects and ultimately reduce uncertainties in wind resource estimations in complex terrain, making such areas more interesting for future development.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Felix Kelberlau and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 519–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-519-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-519-2020, 2020
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Wind speeds can be measured remotely from the ground with lidars. Their estimates are accurate for mean speeds, but turbulence leads to measurement errors. We predict these errors using computer-generated data and compare lidar measurements with data from a meteorological mast. The comparison shows that deviations depend on wind direction, measurement height, and wind conditions. Our method to reduce the measurement error is successful when the wind is aligned with one of the lidar beams.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jonas Kazda and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 439–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-439-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-439-2020, 2020
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This work presents the first analytical solution for the quantification of the spatial variance of the second-order moment of correlated wind speeds. The spatial variance is defined as random differences in the sample variance of wind speed between different points in space. The approach is successfully verified using simulation and field data. The impact of the spatial variance on wind farm control, the verification of wind turbine performance and sensor verification are then investigated.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Charlotte B. Hasager, Andrea N. Hahmann, Tobias Ahsbahs, Ioanna Karagali, Tija Sile, Merete Badger, and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 375–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-375-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-375-2020, 2020
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Europe's offshore wind resource mapping is part of the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA) international consortium effort. This study presents the results of analysis of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ocean wind maps based on Envisat and Sentinel-1 with a brief description of the wind retrieval process and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) ocean wind maps. Furthermore, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) offshore wind atlas of NEWA is presented.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dominique P. Held and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 421–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-421-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-421-2019, 2019
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In this study a model of the coherence between turbine- and lidar-estimated rotor-effective wind speed (REWS) is presented. The model is compared against experimental data from two field tests using two- and four-beam nacelle-mounted lidar systems on a test turbine. The proposed model agrees better with the field data than previously used models. Also, it was shown that the advection speed can be estimated by the REWS measured by the lidar.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dominique P. Held and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 4, 407–420, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-407-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-407-2019, 2019
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In this study the capabilities of detecting wakes in the inflow of turbines by nacelle-mounted lidars are investigated. It is shown that higher turbulence levels can be measured within a wake by estimating the Doppler spectrum width. In an experimental setup all half- and full-wake situations have been identified. A correction method for the influence of the wake on the lidar system has also been proposed..
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Felix Kelberlau and Jakob Mann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 1871–1888, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1871-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-1871-2019, 2019
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Lidars are devices that can measure wind velocities remotely from the ground. Their estimates are very accurate in the mean but wind speed fluctuations lead to measurement errors. The presented data processing methods mitigate several of the error causes: first, by making use of knowledge about the mean wind direction and, second, by determining the location of air packages and sensing them in the best moment. Both methods can be applied to existing wind lidars and results are very promising.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Robert Menke, Nikola Vasiljević, Jakob Mann, and Julie K. Lundquist
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2713–2723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2713-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2713-2019, 2019
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This research utilizes several months of lidar measurements from the Perdigão 2017 campaign to investigate flow recirculation zones that occur at the two parallel ridges at the measurement site in Portugal. We found that recirculation occurs in over 50 % of the time when the wind direction is perpendicular to the direction of the ridges. Moreover, we show three-dimensional changes of the zones along the ridges and the implications of recirculation on wind turbines that are operating downstream.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alfredo Peña, Ebba Dellwik, and Jakob Mann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 237–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-237-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-237-2019, 2019
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We propose a method to assess the accuracy of turbulence measurements by sonic anemometers. The idea is to compute the ratio of the vertical to along-wind velocity spectrum within the inertial subrange. We found that the Metek USA-1 and the Campbell CSAT3 sonic anemometers do not show the expected theoretical ratio. A wind-tunnel-based correction recovers the expected ratio for the USA-1. A correction for the CSAT3 does not, illustrating that this sonic anemometer suffers from flow distortion.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Dominique P. Held and Jakob Mann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 6339–6350, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6339-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6339-2018, 2018
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In this paper we study the effect of different methods to derive the radial wind speed from a lidar Doppler spectrum. Numerical simulations and experimental results both indicate that the median method has slight improvements over the centroid method in terms of turbulent attenuation and also showed the lowest root mean squared error. Thus, when the aim is to reduce the volume averaging effect and obtain time series with a high temporal resolution, we recommend using the median method.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Robert Menke, Nikola Vasiljević, Kurt S. Hansen, Andrea N. Hahmann, and Jakob Mann
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 681–691, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-681-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-681-2018, 2018
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This study investigates the behaviour of wind turbine wakes in complex terrain. Using six scanning lidars, we measured the wake of a single turbine at the Perdigão site in Portugal in 2015. Our findings show that wake propagation is highly dependent on the atmospheric stability, which is mostly ignored in flow simulation used for wind farm layout design. The wake is lifted up during unstable atmospheric conditions and follows the terrain downwards during stable conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jakob Mann, Alfredo Peña, Niels Troldborg, and Søren J. Andersen
Wind Energ. Sci., 3, 293–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-293-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-293-2018, 2018
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Turbulence is usually assumed to be unmodified by the stagnation occurring in front of a wind turbine rotor. All manufacturers assume this in their dynamic load calculations. If this assumption is not true it might bias the load calculations and the turbines might not be designed optimally. We investigate the assumption with a Doppler lidar measuring forward from the top of the nacelle and find small but systematic changes in the approaching turbulence that depend on the power curve.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Nikola Vasiljević, José M. L. M. Palma, Nikolas Angelou, José Carlos Matos, Robert Menke, Guillaume Lea, Jakob Mann, Michael Courtney, Luis Frölen Ribeiro, and Vitor M. M. G. C. Gomes
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 10, 3463–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3463-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-3463-2017, 2017
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In this paper we present a methodology for atmospheric multi-Doppler lidar experiments accompanied with the description and results from the Perdigão-2015 experiment, where the methodology was demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first time that steps leading to the acquisition of high-quality datasets from field studies are described and systematically defined and organized.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alfredo Peña, Jakob Mann, and Nikolay Dimitrov
Wind Energ. Sci., 2, 133–152, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-133-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-133-2017, 2017
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Nacelle lidars are nowadays extensively used to scan the turbine inflow. Thus, it is important to characterize turbulence from their measurements. We present two methods to perform turbulence estimation and demonstrate them using two types of lidars. With one method we can estimate the along-wind unfiltered variance accurately. With the other we can estimate the filtered radial velocity variance accurately and velocity-tensor parameters under neutral and high wind-speed conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Ryan Kilpatrick, Horia Hangan, Kamran Siddiqui, Dan Parvu, Julia Lange, Jakob Mann, and Jacob Berg
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 237–254, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-237-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-237-2016, 2016
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This paper contributes to the scientific knowledge of flow behaviour over complex topography by extending the physical modelling work of the flow over the Bolund Hill escarpment, a test case for the validation of numerical models in complex terrain for wind resource assessment. The influence of inflow conditions on the flow over the topography has been examined in detail using a large-scale topographic model at high resolution at the unique WindEEE dome wind research facility.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
G. A. M. van Kuik, J. Peinke, R. Nijssen, D. Lekou, J. Mann, J. N. Sørensen, C. Ferreira, J. W. van Wingerden, D. Schlipf, P. Gebraad, H. Polinder, A. Abrahamsen, G. J. W. van Bussel, J. D. Sørensen, P. Tavner, C. L. Bottasso, M. Muskulus, D. Matha, H. J. Lindeboom, S. Degraer, O. Kramer, S. Lehnhoff, M. Sonnenschein, P. E. Sørensen, R. W. Künneke, P. E. Morthorst, and K. Skytte
Wind Energ. Sci., 1, 1–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-1-1-2016, 2016
C. F. Abari, A. T. Pedersen, E. Dellwik, and J. Mann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4145–4153, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4145-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4145-2015, 2015
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Continuous-wave coherent Doppler lidars (CW CDL) are a class of short-range wind lidars. This paper presents the measurement results from a field campaign where the performance of a recently built all-fiber image-reject homodyne CW CDL is compared against a sonic anemometer. The results are weighed against another instrument, i.e., a CW CDL benefiting from a heterodyne receiver. The results show that the new system has a superior measurement performance, especially for close-to-zero velocities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
A. Sathe, J. Mann, N. Vasiljevic, and G. Lea
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 729–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-729-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-729-2015, 2015
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A so-called six-beam method is proposed to measure atmospheric turbulence using a ground-based wind lidar. This method is presented as an alternative to the so-called velocity azimuth display (VAD) method that is routinely used in commercial wind lidars, and which usually results in significant averaging effects of measured turbulence.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
E. Branlard, A. T. Pedersen, J. Mann, N. Angelou, A. Fischer, T. Mikkelsen, M. Harris, C. Slinger, and B. F. Montes
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 1673–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1673-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-1673-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: Remote Sensing | Topic: Data Processing and Information Retrieval
An improved BRDF hotspot model and its use in VLIDORT for studying the impact of atmospheric scattering on hotspot directional signatures in the atmosphere
A multi-decadal time series of upper stratospheric temperature profiles from Odin-OSIRIS limb-scattered spectra
CALOTRITON: a convective boundary layer height estimation algorithm from ultra-high-frequency (UHF) wind profiler data
Enhancing consistency of microphysical properties of precipitation across the melting layer in dual-frequency precipitation radar data
Profiling the molecular destruction rates of temperature and humidity as well as the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the convective boundary layer
Forward operator for polarimetric radio occultation measurements
Assessing atmospheric gravity wave spectra in the presence of observational gaps
Joint 1DVar retrievals of tropospheric temperature and water vapor from Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation (GNSS-RO) and microwave radiometer observations
Mispointing characterization and Doppler velocity correction for the conically scanning WIVERN Doppler radar
Radar and environment-based hail damage estimates using machine learning
Dual adaptive differential threshold method for automated detection of faint and strong echo features in radar observations of winter storms
A new power-law model for μ–Λ relationships in convective and stratiform rainfall
Suppression of precipitation bias in wind velocities from continuous-wave Doppler lidars
Difference spectrum fitting of the ion–neutral collision frequency from dual-frequency EISCAT measurements
Performance evaluation of three bio-optical models in aerosol and ocean color joint retrievals
Observation of horizontal temperature variations by a spatial heterodyne interferometer using single-sided interferograms
Version 8 IMK–IAA MIPAS temperatures from 12–15 µm spectra: Middle and Upper Atmosphere modes
GNSS radio occultation excess-phase processing for climate applications including uncertainty estimation
Impact analysis of processing strategies for long-term GPS zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD)
A directional surface reflectance climatology determined from TROPOMI observations
Irradiance and cloud optical properties from solar photovoltaic systems
Single field-of-view sounder atmospheric product retrieval algorithm: establishing radiometric consistency for hyper-spectral sounder retrievals
Higher-order calibration on WindRAD (Wind Radar) scatterometer winds
On the polarimetric backscatter by a still or quasi-still wind turbine
OH airglow observations with two identical spectrometers: benefits of increased data homogeneity in the identification of variations induced by the 11-year solar cycle, the QBO, and other factors
Improved rain event detection in Commercial Microwave Link time series via combination with MSG SEVIRI data
Broadband radiative quantities for the EarthCARE mission: the ACM-COM and ACM-RT products
HSRL-2 Retrievals of Ocean Surface Wind Speeds
Measuring rainfall using microwave links: the influence of temporal sampling
Long-term multi-source precipitation estimation with high resolution (RainGRS Clim)
Retrieval of snow layer and melt pond properties on Arctic sea ice from airborne imaging spectrometer observations
Using optimal estimation to retrieve winds from velocity-azimuth display (VAD) scans by a Doppler lidar
Angular sampling of a monochromatic, wide-field-of-view camera to augment next-generation Earth radiation budget satellite observations
Noise filtering options for conically scanning Doppler LiDAR measurements with low pulse accumulation
Next-generation radiance unfiltering process for the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System instrument
Drone-based photogrammetry combined with deep-learning to estimate hail size distributions and melting of hail on the ground
Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode
Estimating the refractivity bias of Formosat-7/COSMIC-II GNSS Radio Occultation in the planetary boundary layer
Efficient collocation of global navigation satellite system radio occultation soundings with passive nadir microwave soundings
Analysis of 2D airglow imager data with respect to dynamics using machine learning
Estimation of extreme precipitation events in Estonia and Italy using dual-polarization weather radar quantitative precipitation estimations
The High lAtitude sNowfall Detection and Estimation aLgorithm for ATMS (HANDEL-ATMS): a new algorithm for the snowfall retrieval at high latitudes
Detection and localization of F-layer ionospheric irregularities with the back-propagation method along the radio occultation ray path
Observations of anomalous propagation over waters near Sweden
Validation of Aeolus wind profiles using ground-based lidar and radiosonde observations at Réunion island and the Observatoire de Haute-Provence
Dual-frequency spectral radar retrieval of snowfall microphysics: a physics-driven deep-learning approach
High-resolution 3D winds derived from a modified WISSDOM synthesis scheme using multiple Doppler lidars and observations
Atmospheric boundary layer height from ground-based remote sensing: a review of capabilities and limitations
Assessing and mitigating the radar–radar interference in the German C-band weather radar network
Spectral replacement using machine learning methods for continuous mapping of the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS)
Xiaozhen Xiong, Xu Liu, Robert Spurr, Ming Zhao, Qiguang Yang, Wan Wu, and Liqiao Lei
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1965–1978, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1965-2024, 2024
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The term “hotspot” refers to the sharp increase in reflectance occurring when incident (solar) and reflected (viewing) directions coincide in the backscatter direction. The accurate simulation of hotspot directional signatures is important for many remote sensing applications, but current models typically require large values of computations to represent the hotspot accurately. This paper provides a numerically improved hotspot BRDF model that converges much faster and is used in VLIDORT.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daniel Zawada, Kimberlee Dubé, Taran Warnock, Adam Bourassa, Susann Tegtmeier, and Douglas Degenstein
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1995–2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1995-2024, 2024
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There remain large uncertainties in long-term changes of stratospheric–atmospheric temperatures. We have produced a time series of more than 20 years of satellite-based temperature measurements from the OSIRIS instrument in the upper–middle stratosphere. The dataset is publicly available and intended to be used for a better understanding of changes in stratospheric temperatures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alban Philibert, Marie Lothon, Julien Amestoy, Pierre-Yves Meslin, Solène Derrien, Yannick Bezombes, Bernard Campistron, Fabienne Lohou, Antoine Vial, Guylaine Canut-Rocafort, Joachim Reuder, and Jennifer K. Brooke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1679–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1679-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1679-2024, 2024
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We present a new algorithm, CALOTRITON, for the retrieval of the convective boundary layer depth with ultra-high-frequency radar measurements. CALOTRITON is partly based on the principle that the top of the convective boundary layer is associated with an inversion and a decrease in turbulence. It is evaluated using ceilometer and radiosonde data. It is able to qualify the complexity of the vertical structure of the low troposphere and detect internal or residual layers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kamil Mroz, Alessandro Battaglia, and Ann M. Fridlind
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1577–1597, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1577-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1577-2024, 2024
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In this study, we examine the extent to which radar measurements from space can inform us about the properties of clouds and precipitation. Surprisingly, our analysis showed that the amount of ice turning into rain was lower than expected in the current product. To improve on this, we came up with a new way to extract information about the size and concentration of particles from radar data. As long as we use this method in the right conditions, we can even estimate how dense the ice is.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Volker Wulfmeyer, Christoph Senff, Florian Späth, Andreas Behrendt, Diego Lange, Robert M. Banta, W. Alan Brewer, Andreas Wieser, and David D. Turner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1175–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1175-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1175-2024, 2024
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A simultaneous deployment of Doppler, temperature, and water-vapor lidar systems is used to provide profiles of molecular destruction rates and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The results can be used for the parameterization of turbulent variables, TKE budget analyses, and the verification of weather forecast and climate models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Daisuke Hotta, Katrin Lonitz, and Sean Healy
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 1075–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1075-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-1075-2024, 2024
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) polarimetric radio occultation (PRO) is a new type of GNSS observations that can detect heavy precipitation along the ray path between the emitter and receiver satellites. As a first step towards using these observations in numerical weather prediction (NWP), we developed a computer code that simulates GNSS-PRO observations from forecast fields produced by an NWP model. The quality of the developed simulator is evaluated with a number of case studies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mohamed Mossad, Irina Strelnikova, Robin Wing, and Gerd Baumgarten
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 783–799, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-783-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-783-2024, 2024
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This numerical study addresses observational gaps' impact on atmospheric gravity wave spectra. Three methods, fast Fourier transform (FFT), generalized Lomb–Scargle periodogram (GLS), and Haar structure function (HSF), were tested on synthetic data. HSF is best for spectra with negative slopes. GLS excels for flat and positive slopes and identifying dominant frequencies. Accurately estimating these aspects is crucial for understanding gravity wave dynamics and energy transfer in the atmosphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kuo-Nung Wang, Chi O. Ao, Mary G. Morris, George A. Hajj, Marcin J. Kurowski, Francis J. Turk, and Angelyn W. Moore
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 583–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-583-2024, 2024
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In this article, we described a joint retrieval approach combining two techniques, RO and MWR, to obtain high vertical resolution and solve for temperature and moisture independently. The results show that the complicated structure in the lower troposphere can be better resolved with much smaller biases, and the RO+MWR combination is the most stable scenario in our sensitivity analysis. This approach is also applied to real data (COSMIC-2/Suomi-NPP) to show the promise of joint RO+MWR retrieval.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Filippo Emilio Scarsi, Alessandro Battaglia, Frederic Tridon, Paolo Martire, Ranvir Dhillon, and Anthony Illingworth
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 499–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-499-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-499-2024, 2024
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The WIVERN mission, one of the two candidates to be the ESA's Earth Explorer 11 mission, aims at providing measurements of horizontal winds in cloud and precipitation systems through a conically scanning W-band Doppler radar. This work discusses four methods that can be used to characterize and correct the Doppler velocity error induced by the antenna mispointing. The proposed methodologies can be extended to other Doppler concepts featuring conically scanning or slant viewing Doppler systems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Luis Ackermann, Joshua Soderholm, Alain Protat, Rhys Whitley, Lisa Ye, and Nina Ridder
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 407–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-407-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-407-2024, 2024
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The paper addresses the crucial topic of hail damage quantification using radar observations. We propose a new radar-derived hail product that utilizes a large dataset of insurance hail damage claims and radar observations. A deep neural network was employed, trained with local meteorological variables and the radar observations, to better quantify hail damage. Key meteorological variables were identified to have the most predictive capability in this regard.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Laura Mary Tomkins, Sandra E. Yuter, and Matthew A. Miller
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2888, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2888, 2024
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We have created a new method to better identify enhanced features in radar data from winter storms. Unlike the clear-cut features seen in warm season storms, features in winter storms are often fuzzier with softer edges. Our technique is unique because it uses two adaptive thresholds that change based on the background radar values. It can identify both strong and subtle features in the radar data, and takes into account uncertainties in the detection process.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Christos Gatidis, Marc Schleiss, and Christine Unal
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 235–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-235-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-235-2024, 2024
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A common method to retrieve important information about the microphysical structure of rain (DSD retrievals) requires a constrained relationship between the drop size distribution parameters. The most widely accepted empirical relationship is between μ and Λ. The relationship shows variability across the different types of rainfall (convective or stratiform). The new proposed power-law model to represent the μ–Λ relation provides a better physical interpretation of the relationship coefficients.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Liqin Jin, Jakob Mann, Nikolas Angelou, and Mikael Sjöholm
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 6007–6023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6007-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-6007-2023, 2023
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By sampling the spectra from continuous-wave Doppler lidars very fast, the rain-induced Doppler signal can be suppressed and the bias in the wind velocity estimation can be reduced. The method normalizes 3 kHz spectra by their peak values before averaging them down to 50 Hz. Over 3 h, we observe a significant reduction in the bias of the lidar data relative to the reference sonic data when the largest lidar focus distance is used. The more it rains, the more the bias is reduced.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Florian Günzkofer, Gunter Stober, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Yasunobu Miyoshi, and Claudia Borries
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5897–5907, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5897-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5897-2023, 2023
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Electric currents in the ionosphere can impact both satellite and ground-based infrastructure. These currents depend strongly on the collisions of ions and neutral particles. Measuring ion–neutral collisions is often only possible via certain assumptions. The direct measurement of ion–neutral collision frequencies is possible with multifrequency incoherent scatter radar measurements. This paper presents one analysis method of such measurements and discusses its advantages and disadvantages.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Neranga K. Hannadige, Peng-Wang Zhai, Meng Gao, Yongxiang Hu, P. Jeremy Werdell, Kirk Knobelspiesse, and Brian Cairns
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5749–5770, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5749-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5749-2023, 2023
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We evaluated the impact of three ocean optical models with different numbers of free parameters on the performance of an aerosol and ocean color remote sensing algorithm using the multi-angle polarimeter (MAP) measurements. It was demonstrated that the three- and seven-parameter bio-optical models can be used to accurately represent both open and coastal waters, whereas the one-parameter model has smaller retrieval uncertainty over open water.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Konstantin Ntokas, Jörn Ungermann, Martin Kaufmann, Tom Neubert, and Martin Riese
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5681–5696, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5681-2023, 2023
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A nanosatellite was developed to obtain 1-D vertical temperature profiles in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, which can be used to derive wave parameters needed for atmospheric models. A new processing method is shown, which allows one to extract two 1-D temperature profiles. The location of the two profiles is analyzed, as it is needed for deriving wave parameters. We show that this method is feasible, which however will increase the requirements of an accurate calibration and processing.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maya García-Comas, Bernd Funke, Manuel López-Puertas, Norbert Glatthor, Udo Grabowski, Sylvia Kellmann, Michael Kiefer, Andrea Linden, Belén Martínez-Mondéjar, Gabriele P. Stiller, and Thomas von Clarmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5357–5386, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5357-2023, 2023
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We have released version 8 of MIPAS IMK–IAA temperatures and pointing information retrieved from MIPAS Middle and Upper Atmosphere mode version 8.03 calibrated spectra, covering 20–115 km altitude. We considered non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emission explicitly for each limb scan, essential to retrieve accurate temperatures above the mid-mesosphere. Comparisons of this temperature dataset with SABER measurements show excellent agreement, improving those of previous MIPAS versions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Josef Innerkofler, Gottfried Kirchengast, Marc Schwärz, Christian Marquardt, and Yago Andres
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5217–5247, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5217-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5217-2023, 2023
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Atmosphere remote sensing using GNSS radio occultation provides a highly valuable basis for atmospheric and climate science. For the highest-quality demands, the Wegener Center set up a rigorous system for processing low-level measurement data. This excess-phase processing setup includes integrated quality control and uncertainty estimation. It was successfully evaluated and inter-compared, ensuring the capability of producing reliable long-term data records for climate applications.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jingna Bai, Yidong Lou, Weixing Zhang, Yaozong Zhou, Zhenyi Zhang, Chuang Shi, and Jingnan Liu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 5249–5259, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5249-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5249-2023, 2023
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Homogenized atmospheric water vapor data are an important prerequisite for climate analysis. Compared to other techniques, GPS has an inherent homogeneity advantage but requires reprocessing and homogenization to eliminate impacts of applied strategy and observation environmental changes. The low-elevation cut-off angles are suggested for the best estimates of zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) reprocessing time series when compared to homogenized radiosonde data or ERA5 reference time series.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lieuwe G. Tilstra, Martin de Graaf, Victor Trees, Pavel Litvinov, Oleg Dubovik, and Piet Stammes
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-222, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-222, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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This paper introduced a new surface albedo climatology of directionally dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity (DLER) observed by the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite. The database contains monthly fields of DLER for 21 wavelength bands at a relatively high spatial resolution of 0.125 by 0.125 degrees. The anisotropy of the surface reflection is handled by parameterisation of the viewing angle dependence.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James Barry, Stefanie Meilinger, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Anna Herman-Czezuch, Nicola Kimiaie, Christopher Schirrmeister, Rone Yousif, Tina Buchmann, Johannes Grabenstein, Hartwig Deneke, Jonas Witthuhn, Claudia Emde, Felix Gödde, Bernhard Mayer, Leonhard Scheck, Marion Schroedter-Homscheidt, Philipp Hofbauer, and Matthias Struck
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4975–5007, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4975-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4975-2023, 2023
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Measured power data from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems contain information about the state of the atmosphere. In this work, power data from PV systems in the Allgäu region in Germany were used to determine the solar irradiance at each location, using state-of-the-art simulation and modelling. The results were validated using concurrent measurements of the incoming solar radiation in each case. If applied on a wider scale, this algorithm could help improve weather and climate models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wan Wu, Xu Liu, Liqiao Lei, Xiaozhen Xiong, Qiguang Yang, Qing Yue, Daniel K. Zhou, and Allen M. Larar
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4807–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4807-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4807-2023, 2023
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We present a new operational physical retrieval algorithm that is used to retrieve atmospheric properties for each single field-of-view measurement of hyper-spectral IR sounders. The physical scheme includes a cloud-scattering calculation in its forward-simulation part. The data product generated using this algorithm has an advantage over traditional IR sounder data production algorithms in terms of improved spatial resolution and minimized error due to cloud contamination.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhen Li, Ad Stoffelen, Anton Verhoef, Zhixiong Wang, Jian Shang, and Honggang Yin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4769–4783, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4769-2023, 2023
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WindRAD (Wind Radar) is the first dual-frequency rotating fan-beam scatterometer in orbit. We observe non-linearity in the backscatter distribution. Therefore, higher-order calibration (HOC) is proposed, which removes the non-linearities per incidence angle. The combination of HOC and NOCant is discussed. It can remove not only the non-linearity but also the anomalous harmonic azimuth dependencies caused by the antenna rotation; hence the optimal winds can be achieved with this combination.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Marco Gabella, Martin Lainer, Daniel Wolfensberger, and Jacopo Grazioli
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4409–4422, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4409-2023, 2023
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A still wind turbine observed with a fixed-pointing radar antenna has shown distinctive polarimetric signatures: the correlation coefficient between the two orthogonal polarization states was persistently equal to 1. The differential reflectivity and the radar reflectivity factors were also stable in time. Over 2 min (2000 Hz, 128 pulses were used; consequently, the sampling time was 64 ms), the standard deviation of the differential backscattering phase shift was only a few degrees.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Carsten Schmidt, Lisa Küchelbacher, Sabine Wüst, and Michael Bittner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4331–4356, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4331-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4331-2023, 2023
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Two identical instruments in a parallel setup were used to observe the mesospheric OH airglow for more than 10 years (2009–2020) at 47.42°N, 10.98°E. This allows unique analyses of data quality aspects and their impact on the obtained results. During solar cycle 24 the influence of the sun was strong (∼6 K per 100 sfu). A quasi-2-year oscillation (QBO) of ±1 K is observed mainly during the maximum of the solar cycle. Unlike the stratospheric QBO the variation has a period of or below 24 months.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andreas Wagner, Christian Chwala, Maximilian Graf, Julius Polz, Llorenç Lliso, José Alberto Lahuerta, and Harald Kunstmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-175, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-175, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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Commercial Microwave Links (CMLs) can be used for rainfall retrieval. The detection of rainy periods in their attenuation time series is the most important processing step. We investigate the usage of rainfall information from MSG SEVIRI for this task, compare these methods to existing methods, and finally combined both approaches. The results show advantages for SEVIRI based methods for light rain and poor performing CMLs. Our newly developed combination reveals the best overall performance.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jason N. S. Cole, Howard W. Barker, Zhipeng Qu, Najda Villefranque, and Mark W. Shephard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4271–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4271-2023, 2023
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Measurements from the EarthCARE satellite mission will be used to retrieve profiles of cloud and aerosol properties. These retrievals are combined with auxiliary information about surface properties and atmospheric state, e.g., temperature and water vapor. This information allows computation of 1D and 3D solar and thermal radiative transfer for small domains, which are compared with coincident radiometer observations to continually assess EarthCARE retrievals.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sanja Dmitrovic, Johnathan W. Hair, Brian L. Collister, Ewan Crosbie, Marta A. Fenn, Richard A. Ferrare, David B. Harper, Chris A. Hostetler, Yongxiang Hu, John A. Reagan, Claire E. Robinson, Shane T. Seaman, Taylor J. Shingler, Kenneth L. Thornhill, Holger Vömel, Xubin Zeng, and Armin Sorooshian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1943, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1943, 2023
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This study introduces and evaluates a new ocean surface wind speed product from NASA Langley Research Center’s (LARC’s) airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar – generation 2 (HSRL-2) using NASA ACTIVATE field data. We show that HSRL-2 wind speed retrievals have small errors when compared to wind speeds directly measured by NCAR AVAPS dropsondes. This novel retrieval method provides a way to obtain accurate, high resolution wind speed data in airborne field campaigns.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Luuk D. van der Valk, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, Aart Overeem, Bas Walraven, and Remko Uijlenhoet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1971, 2023
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Microwave links, often part of mobile phone networks, can be used to measure rainfall along the link path by determining the signal loss caused by rainfall. We use high-frequency data of multiple microwave links to recreate commonly used sampling strategies. For time intervals up to 1 min, the influence of sampling strategies on estimated rainfall intensities is relatively little, while for intervals longer than 5–15 min, the sampling strategy can have significant influences on the estimates.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anna Jurczyk, Katarzyna Ośródka, Jan Szturc, Magdalena Pasierb, and Agnieszka Kurcz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 4067–4079, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4067-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-4067-2023, 2023
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A data-processing algorithm, RainGRS Clim, has been developed to work on precipitation accumulations such as daily or monthly totals. The algorithm makes the most of additional opportunities: access to high-quality data that are not operationally available and greater efficiency of the algorithms for data quality control and merging for longer accumulations. Monthly accumulations estimated by RainGRS Clim were found to be significantly more reliable than accumulations generated operationally.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sophie Rosenburg, Charlotte Lange, Evelyn Jäkel, Michael Schäfer, André Ehrlich, and Manfred Wendisch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3915–3930, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3915-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3915-2023, 2023
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Snow layer melting and melt pond formation on Arctic sea ice are important seasonal processes affecting the surface reflection and energy budget. Sea ice reflectivity was surveyed by airborne imaging spectrometers in May–June 2017. Adapted retrieval approaches were applied to find snow layer liquid water fraction, snow grain effective radius, and melt pond depth. The retrievals show the potential and limitations of spectral airborne imaging to map melting snow layer and melt pond properties.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Sunil Baidar, Timothy J. Wagner, David D. Turner, and W. Alan Brewer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3715–3726, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3715-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3715-2023, 2023
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This paper provides a new method to retrieve wind profiles from coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) measurements. It takes advantage of layer-to-layer correlation in wind profiles to provide continuous profiles of up to 3 km by filling in the gaps where the CDL signal is too small to retrieve reliable results by itself. Comparison with the current method and collocated radiosonde wind measurements showed excellent agreement with no degradation in results where the current method gives valid results.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jake J. Gristey, K. Sebastian Schmidt, Hong Chen, Daniel R. Feldman, Bruce C. Kindel, Joshua Mauss, Mathew van den Heever, Maria Z. Hakuba, and Peter Pilewskie
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3609–3630, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3609-2023, 2023
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The concept of a satellite-based camera is demonstrated for sampling the angular distribution of outgoing radiance from Earth needed to generate data products for new radiation budget spectral channels.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Eileen Päschke and Carola Detring
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-153, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-153, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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Little noise in radial velocity Doppler lidar measurements can contribute to large errors in retrieved turbulence variables. In order to distinguish between plausible and erroneous measurements we developed new filter techniques that work independently of the choice of a specific threshold for the signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of these techniques is discussed, both, by means of assessing the filter results, and by comparing retrieved turbulence variables versus independent measurements.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lusheng Liang, Wenying Su, Sergio Sejas, Zachary A. Eitzen, and Norman G. Loeb
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1670, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1670, 2023
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This paper describes an updated process to obtain unfiltered radiation from CERES satellite instruments by incorporating the most recent developments in radiative transfer modeling and ancillary input datasets (e.g., realistic representation of land surface radiation and climatology of surface temperatures and aerosols) during the past 20 years. The resulted global mean of instantaneous SW and LW fluxes are changed by less than 0.5 Wm-2 with regional differences can be as large as 2.0 Wm-2.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Martin Lainer, Killian P. Brennan, Alessandro Hering, Jérôme Kopp, Samuel Monhart, Daniel Wolfensberger, and Urs Germann
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-89, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-89, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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We present an approach for hail size estimation combining drone-based photogrammetry with a deep-learning object detection model. The method is applied to a hail event of a supercell that crossed Switzerland on June 20, 2021, allowing an accurate estimation of the hail size distribution (>18000 samples). Results are then compared with data from nearby automatic hail sensors and radar-based hail products. The opportunity to monitor the hail melting on the ground is also investigated.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bing Cao and Alan Z. Liu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563, 2023
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A narrow-band sodium lidar measures atmospheric waves but focuses on vertical variations. By analyzing phase shifts among laser beams in different directions, horizontal wave information can be derived. With this method, two wave packets were identified, propagating in different directions. These waves interacted with thin evanescent layers, reflecting partially but transmitting energy to higher altitudes. The method can be used to detect more gravity waves from similar lidar systems worldwide.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gia Huan Pham, Shu-Chih Yang, Chih-Chien Chang, Shu-Ya Chen, and Cheng-Yung Huang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1246, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1246, 2023
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This research examines the characteristics of low-level GNSS radio occultation (RO) refractivity bias over ocean and land and their dependency on the RO retrieval uncertainty, atmospheric temperature, and moisture. We proposed methods for estimating the region-dependent refractivity bias. Our methods can be applied to calibrate the bias under different atmospheric conditions and thus improves the applications of the GNSS RO data in the planetary boundary layer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alex Meredith, Stephen Leroy, Lucy Halperin, and Kerri Cahoy
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3345–3361, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3345-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3345-2023, 2023
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We developed a new efficient algorithm leveraging orbital dynamics to collocate radio occultation soundings with microwave radiance soundings. This new algorithm is 99 % accurate and is much faster than traditional collocation-finding approaches. Speeding up collocation finding is useful for calibrating and validating microwave radiometers and for data assimilation into numerical weather prediction models. Our algorithm can also be used to predict collocation yield for new satellite missions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
René Sedlak, Andreas Welscher, Patrick Hannawald, Sabine Wüst, Rainer Lienhart, and Michael Bittner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 3141–3153, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-3141-2023, 2023
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We show that machine learning can help in classifying images of the OH* airglow, a thin layer in the middle atmosphere (ca. 86 km height) emitting infrared radiation, in an efficient way. By doing this,
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
dynamicepisodes of strong movement in the OH* airglow caused predominantly by waves can be extracted automatically from large data sets. Within these dynamic episodes, turbulent wave breaking can also be found. We use these observations of turbulence to derive the energy released by waves.
Roberto Cremonini, Tanel Voormansik, Piia Post, and Dmitri Moisseev
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 2943–2956, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2943-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2943-2023, 2023
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Extreme rainfall for a specific location is commonly evaluated when designing stormwater management systems. This study investigates the use of quantitative precipitation estimations (QPEs) based on polarimetric weather radar data, without rain gauge corrections, to estimate 1 h rainfall total maxima in Italy and Estonia. We show that dual-polarization weather radar provides reliable QPEs and effective estimations of return periods for extreme rainfall in climatologically homogeneous regions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Andrea Camplani, Daniele Casella, Paolo Sanò, and Giulia Panegrossi
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-94, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2023-94, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for AMT
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A new snowfall retrieval algorithm developed especially for high latitude environmental conditions and based on Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) observations is described. The algorithm exploits ATMS low-frequency channels to retrieve the surface emissivity and compute the clear-sky brightness temperature, to highlight the snowfall signature. This information is used in a neural network based snowfall retrieval, trained against Cloud Profiling Radar snowfall products.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Vinícius Ludwig-Barbosa, Joel Rasch, Thomas Sievert, Anders Carlström, Mats I. Pettersson, Viet Thuy Vu, and Jacob Christensen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1849–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1849-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1849-2023, 2023
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In this paper, the back-propagation method's capabilities and limitations regarding the location of irregularity regions in the ionosphere, e.g. equatorial plasma bubbles, are evaluated. The assessment was performed with simulations in which different scenarios were assumed. The results showed that the location estimate is possible if the amplitude of the ionospheric disturbance is stronger than the instrument noise level. Further, multiple patches can be located if regions are well separated.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lars Norin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 1789–1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1789-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-1789-2023, 2023
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The atmosphere can cause radar beams to bend more or less towards the ground. When the atmosphere differs from standard atmospheric conditions, the propagation is considered anomalous. Radars affected by anomalous propagation can observe ground clutter far beyond the radar horizon. Here, 4.5 years' worth of data from five operational Swedish weather radars are presented. Analyses of the data reveal a strong seasonal cycle and weaker diurnal cycle in ground clutter from across nearby waters.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mathieu Ratynski, Sergey Khaykin, Alain Hauchecorne, Robin Wing, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Yann Hello, and Philippe Keckhut
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 997–1016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-997-2023, 2023
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Aeolus is the first spaceborne wind lidar providing global wind measurements since 2018. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Aeolus instrument performance, using ground-based wind lidars and meteorological radiosondes, at tropical and mid-latitudes sites. The analysis allows assessing the long-term evolution of the satellite's performance for more than 3 years. The results will help further elaborate the understanding of the error sources and the behavior of the Doppler wind lidar.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anne-Claire Billault-Roux, Gionata Ghiggi, Louis Jaffeux, Audrey Martini, Nicolas Viltard, and Alexis Berne
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 911–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-911-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-911-2023, 2023
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Better understanding and modeling snowfall properties and processes is relevant to many fields, ranging from weather forecasting to aircraft safety. Meteorological radars can be used to gain insights into the microphysics of snowfall. In this work, we propose a new method to retrieve snowfall properties from measurements of radars with different frequencies. It relies on an original deep-learning framework, which incorporates knowledge of the underlying physics, i.e., electromagnetic scattering.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chia-Lun Tsai, Kwonil Kim, Yu-Chieng Liou, and GyuWon Lee
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 845–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-845-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-845-2023, 2023
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Since the winds in clear-air conditions usually play an important role in the initiation of various weather systems and phenomena, the modified Wind Synthesis System using Doppler Measurements (WISSDOM) synthesis scheme was developed to derive high-quality and high-spatial-resolution 3D winds under clear-air conditions. The performance and accuracy of derived 3D winds from this modified scheme were evaluated with an extreme strong wind event over complex terrain in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Simone Kotthaus, Juan Antonio Bravo-Aranda, Martine Collaud Coen, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, Maria João Costa, Domenico Cimini, Ewan J. O'Connor, Maxime Hervo, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, María Jiménez-Portaz, Lucia Mona, Dominique Ruffieux, Anthony Illingworth, and Martial Haeffelin
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 433–479, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-433-2023, 2023
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Profile observations of the atmospheric boundary layer now allow for layer heights and characteristics to be derived at high temporal and vertical resolution. With novel high-density ground-based remote-sensing measurement networks emerging, horizontal information content is also increasing. This review summarises the capabilities and limitations of various sensors and retrieval algorithms which need to be considered during the harmonisation of data products for high-impact applications.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Michael Frech, Cornelius Hald, Maximilian Schaper, Bertram Lange, and Benjamin Rohrdantz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 295–309, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-295-2023, 2023
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Weather radar data are the backbone of a lot of meteorological products. In order to obtain a better low-level coverage with radar data, additional systems have to be included. The frequency range in which radars are allowed to operate is limited. A potential radar-to-radar interference has to be avoided. The paper derives guidelines on how additional radars can be included into a C-band weather radar network and how interferences can be avoided.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yeeun Lee, Myoung-Hwan Ahn, Mina Kang, and Mijin Eo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 153–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-153-2023, 2023
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This study aims to verify that a partly defective hyperspectral measurement can be successfully reproduced with concise machine learning models coupled with principal component analysis. Evaluation of the approach is performed with radiances and retrieval results of ozone and cloud properties. Considering that GEMS is the first geostationary UV–VIS hyperspectral spectrometer, we expect our findings can be introduced further to similar geostationary environmental instruments to be launched soon.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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