Articles | Volume 9, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-877-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-877-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
04 Mar 2016
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 04 Mar 2016
Multi-instrument gravity-wave measurements over Tierra del Fuego and the Drake Passage – Part 1: Potential energies and vertical wavelengths from AIRS, COSMIC, HIRDLS, MLS-Aura, SAAMER, SABER and radiosondes
Corwin J. Wright
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Bath,
Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Neil P. Hindley
Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Bath,
Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Andrew C. Moss
Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Bath,
Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Nicholas J. Mitchell
Centre for Space, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Bath,
Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Related authors
Andrew C. Moss, Corwin J. Wright, Robin N. Davis, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Ann. Geophys., 34, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-323-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-323-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity waves are fundamental to the dynamics of the mesosphere. In some years very strong winds are observed in the first phase of the MSAO. It has been proposed that this is due to filtering of ascending gravity waves. We report the first gravity-wave momentum flux observations from the Ascension Island (8° S, 14° W) meteor radar and show that anomalous fluxes were observed during one such event in 2002. Analysis of the underlying winds suggests the wave-filtering hypothesis is not valid.
C. J. Wright, S. M. Osprey, and J. C. Gille
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8459–8477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8459-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8459-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Data from the HIRDLS instrument are used to study the numerical variability of gravity waves. Observed distributions are dominated by long-vertical-short-horizontal-wavelength waves, with a similar spectral form at all locations. We further divide our data into subspecies by wavelength, and investigate variation in these subspecies in time and space. We show that the variations associated with particular phenomena arise due to changes in specific parts of the spectrum.
N. P. Hindley, C. J. Wright, N. D. Smith, and N. J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7797–7818, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7797-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7797-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In nearly all GCMs, unresolved gravity wave (GW) drag may cause the southern stratospheric winter polar vortex to break down too late. Here, we characterise GWs in this region of the atmosphere using GPS radio occultation. We find GWs may propagate into the region from other latitudes. We develop a new quantitative wave identification method to learn about regional wave populations. We also find intense GW momentum fluxes over the southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula GW hot spot.
Neil P. Hindley, Nicholas J. Mitchell, Neil Cobbett, Anne K. Smith, Dave C. Fritts, Diego Janches, Corwin J. Wright, and Tracy Moffat-Griffin
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 9435–9459, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9435-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9435-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present observations of winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) from a recently installed meteor radar on the remote island of South Georgia (54° S, 36° W). We characterise mean winds, tides, planetary waves, and gravity waves in the MLT at this location and compare our measured winds with a leading climate model. We find that the observed wintertime winds are unexpectedly reversed from model predictions, probably because of missing impacts of secondary gravity waves in the model.
Matthew J. Griffith, Shaun M. Dempsey, David R. Jackson, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Ann. Geophys., 39, 487–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-39-487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
There is great scientific interest in extending atmospheric models upwards to include the upper atmosphere. The Met Office’s Unified Model has recently been successfully extended to include this region. Atmospheric tides are an important driver of atmospheric motion at these greater heights. This paper provides a first comparison of winds and tides produced by the new extended model with meteor radar observations, comparing key tidal properties and discussing their similarities and differences.
Neil P. Hindley, Corwin J. Wright, Alan M. Gadian, Lars Hoffmann, John K. Hughes, David R. Jackson, John C. King, Nicholas J. Mitchell, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, Andrew C. Moss, Simon B. Vosper, and Andrew N. Ross
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7695–7722, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
One limitation of numerical atmospheric models is spatial resolution. For atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) generated over small mountainous islands, the driving effect of these waves on atmospheric circulations can be underestimated. Here we use a specialised high-resolution model over South Georgia island to compare simulated stratospheric GWs to colocated 3-D satellite observations. We find reasonable model agreement with observations, with some GW amplitudes much larger than expected.
Neil P. Hindley, Corwin J. Wright, Nathan D. Smith, Lars Hoffmann, Laura A. Holt, M. Joan Alexander, Tracy Moffat-Griffin, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15377–15414, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15377-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15377-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 3–D Stockwell transform is applied to AIRS–Aqua satellite observations in the first extended 3–D study of stratospheric gravity waves over the Southern Ocean during winter. A dynamic environment is revealed that contains some of the most intense gravity wave sources on Earth. A particularly striking result is a large–scale meridional convergence of gravity wave momentum flux towards latitudes near 60 °S, something which is not normally considered in model parameterisations.
Corwin J. Wright, Neil P. Hindley, Lars Hoffmann, M. Joan Alexander, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8553–8575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8553-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8553-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a novel 3-D method of measuring atmospheric gravity waves, based around a 3-D Stockwell transform. Our method lets us measure new properties, including wave intrinsic frequencies and phase and group velocities. We apply it to data from the AIRS satellite instrument over the Southern Andes for two consecutive winters. Our results show clear evidence that the waves measured are primarily orographic in origin, and that their group velocity vectors are focused into the polar night jet.
Neil P. Hindley, Nathan D. Smith, Corwin J. Wright, D. Andrew S. Rees, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 2545–2565, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2545-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2545-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity waves are medium-sized momentum-carrying atmospheric waves that nearly all weather and climate models struggle to represent. Thus, the accurate global measurement of gravity-wave properties in the real atmosphere is of key importance. Here we use a new two-dimensional Stockwell transform (2-DST) method to measure key GW properties in 2-D satellite data. We show that our 2-DST approach greatly improves upon current methods, particularly if a new elliptical spectral window is used.
Andrew C. Moss, Corwin J. Wright, Robin N. Davis, and Nicholas J. Mitchell
Ann. Geophys., 34, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-323-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-323-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity waves are fundamental to the dynamics of the mesosphere. In some years very strong winds are observed in the first phase of the MSAO. It has been proposed that this is due to filtering of ascending gravity waves. We report the first gravity-wave momentum flux observations from the Ascension Island (8° S, 14° W) meteor radar and show that anomalous fluxes were observed during one such event in 2002. Analysis of the underlying winds suggests the wave-filtering hypothesis is not valid.
H. Iimura, D. C. Fritts, D. Janches, W. Singer, and N. J. Mitchell
Ann. Geophys., 33, 1349–1359, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1349-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1349-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The quasi-5-day wave at mid- and high-latitudes in the mesosphere and lower-thermosphere was compared between the hemispheres using meteor radar horizontal wind measurements, spanning June 2010 to December 2012. Variances of the quasi-5-day wave showed a wave activity from July to August in both hemispheres and in April 2012 in the Northern Hemisphere and November 2012 in the Southern Hemisphere with unique characteristics at each site.
C. J. Wright, S. M. Osprey, and J. C. Gille
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8459–8477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8459-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8459-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Data from the HIRDLS instrument are used to study the numerical variability of gravity waves. Observed distributions are dominated by long-vertical-short-horizontal-wavelength waves, with a similar spectral form at all locations. We further divide our data into subspecies by wavelength, and investigate variation in these subspecies in time and space. We show that the variations associated with particular phenomena arise due to changes in specific parts of the spectrum.
N. P. Hindley, C. J. Wright, N. D. Smith, and N. J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7797–7818, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7797-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7797-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In nearly all GCMs, unresolved gravity wave (GW) drag may cause the southern stratospheric winter polar vortex to break down too late. Here, we characterise GWs in this region of the atmosphere using GPS radio occultation. We find GWs may propagate into the region from other latitudes. We develop a new quantitative wave identification method to learn about regional wave populations. We also find intense GW momentum fluxes over the southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula GW hot spot.
R. N. Davis, J. Du, A. K. Smith, W. E. Ward, and N. J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9543–9564, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9543-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9543-2013, 2013
K. A. Day and N. J. Mitchell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9515–9523, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9515-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9515-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Others (Wind, Precipitation, Temperature, etc.) | Technique: Remote Sensing | Topic: Validation and Intercomparisons
Validation of the Aeolus L2B wind product with airborne wind lidar measurements in the polar North Atlantic region and in the tropics
An improved vertical correction method for the inter-comparison and inter-validation of integrated water vapour measurements
An assessment of reprocessed GPS/MET observations spanning 1995–1997
Evaluation of tropospheric water vapour and temperature profiles retrieved from Metop-A by the Infrared and Microwave Sounding scheme
Turbulence parameters measured by the Beijing mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere radar in the troposphere and lower stratosphere with three models: comparison and analyses
Comparison of planetary boundary layer height from ceilometer with ARM radiosonde data
Behavior and mechanisms of Doppler wind lidar error in varying stability regimes
Inter-comparison of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height estimates from different profiling sensors and models in the framework of HyMeX-SOP1
Evaluation of Aeolus L2B wind product with wind profiling radar measurements and numerical weather prediction model equivalents over Australia
Comparison of global UV spectral irradiance measurements between a BTS CCD-array and a Brewer spectroradiometer
Scan strategies for wind profiling with Doppler lidar – an large-eddy simulation (LES)-based evaluation
Exploiting Aeolus level-2b winds to better characterize atmospheric motion vector bias and uncertainty
Modelling the spectral shape of continuous-wave lidar measurements in a turbulent wind tunnel
Three-way calibration checks using ground-based, ship-based, and spaceborne radars
Rainfall retrieval algorithm for commercial microwave links: stochastic calibration
Inter-comparison of wind measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer and the lower troposphere with Aeolus and a ground-based coherent Doppler lidar network over China
Towards operational multi-GNSS tropospheric products at GFZ Potsdam
Validation of Aeolus Level 2B wind products using wind profilers, ground-based Doppler wind lidars, and radiosondes in Japan
Monitoring the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) short-wave infrared (SWIR) module instrument stability using desert sites
Evaluating the use of Aeolus satellite observations in the regional numerical weather prediction (NWP) model Harmonie–Arome
Interpreting estimated observation error statistics of weather radar measurements using the ICON-LAM-KENDA system
Validation of Aeolus winds using ground-based radars in Antarctica and in northern Sweden
Intercomparison review of IPWV retrieved from INSAT-3DR sounder, GNSS and CAMS reanalysis data
Sensitivity of Aeolus HLOS winds to temperature and pressure specification in the L2B processor
Airborne lidar observations of wind, water vapor, and aerosol profiles during the NASA Aeolus calibration and validation (Cal/Val) test flight campaign
Improved method of estimating temperatures at meteor peak heights
Error analyses of a multistatic meteor radar system to obtain a three-dimensional spatial-resolution distribution
Validation of wind measurements of two mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere radars in northern Sweden and in Antarctica
Performance evaluation of multiple satellite rainfall products for Dhidhessa River Basin (DRB), Ethiopia
A 2-year intercomparison of continuous-wave focusing wind lidar and tall mast wind measurements at Cabauw
Using machine learning to model uncertainty for water vapor atmospheric motion vectors
Validation of pure rotational Raman temperature data from the Raman Lidar for Meteorological Observations (RALMO) at Payerne
Flywheel calibration of a continuous-wave coherent Doppler wind lidar
Validation of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) surface UV radiation product
Improvement of numerical weather prediction model analysis during fog conditions through the assimilation of ground-based microwave radiometer observations: a 1D-Var study
Validation of Aeolus wind products above the Atlantic Ocean
Commercial microwave links as a tool for operational rainfall monitoring in Northern Italy
Inter-calibration of nine UV sensing instruments over Antarctica and Greenland since 1980
Inter-calibrating SMMR brightness temperatures over continental surfaces
Validating HY-2A CMR precipitable water vapor using ground-based and shipborne GNSS observations
Retrieval of lower-order moments of the drop size distribution using CSU-CHILL X-band polarimetric radar: a case study
Gradient boosting machine learning to improve satellite-derived column water vapor measurement error
Evaluation of the 15-year ROM SAF monthly mean GPS radio occultation climate data record
Consistency and structural uncertainty of multi-mission GPS radio occultation records
First validation of Aeolus wind observations by airborne Doppler wind lidar measurements
Intercomparison of wind observations from the European Space Agency's Aeolus satellite mission and the ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator
Calibration and validation of the Polarimetric Radio Occultation and Heavy Precipitation experiment aboard the PAZ satellite
Automatic quality control of the Meteosat First Generation measurements
Concurrent satellite and ground-based lightning observations from the Optical Lightning Imaging Sensor (ISS-LIS), the low-frequency network Meteorage and the SAETTA Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) in the northwestern Mediterranean region
Using ground radar overlaps to verify the retrieval of calibration bias estimates from spaceborne platforms
Benjamin Witschas, Christian Lemmerz, Alexander Geiß, Oliver Lux, Uwe Marksteiner, Stephan Rahm, Oliver Reitebuch, Andreas Schäfler, and Fabian Weiler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 7049–7070, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7049-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-7049-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In August 2018, the first wind lidar Aeolus was launched into space and has since then been providing data of the global wind field. The primary goal of Aeolus was the improvement of numerical weather prediction. To verify the quality of Aeolus wind data, DLR performed four airborne validation campaigns with two wind lidar systems. In this paper, we report on results from the two later campaigns, performed in Iceland and the tropics.
Olivier Bock, Pierre Bosser, and Carl Mears
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5643–5665, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5643-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5643-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Integrated water vapour measurements are often compared for the calibration and validation of instruments or techniques. Measurements made at different altitudes must be corrected to account for the vertical variation of water vapour. This paper shows that the widely used empirical correction model has severe limitations that are overcome using the proposed model. The method is applied to the inter-comparison of GPS and satellite microwave radiometer data in a tropical mountainous area.
Anthony J. Mannucci, Chi O. Ao, Byron A. Iijima, Thomas K. Meehan, Panagiotis Vergados, E. Robert Kursinski, and William S. Schreiner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4971–4987, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4971-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4971-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) technique is a satellite-based method for producing highly accurate vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and pressure. RO profiles are used to monitor global climate trends, particularly in that region of the atmosphere that includes the lower stratosphere. Two data sets spanning 1995–1997 that were produced from the first RO satellite are highly accurate and can be used to assess global atmospheric models.
Tim Trent, Richard Siddens, Brian Kerridge, Marc Schroeder, Noëlle A. Scott, and John Remedios
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-757, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-757, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Modern weather satellites provide essential information on our lower atmosphere's moisture content and temperature. This measurement record will span over 40 years, making it a valuable resource for climate studies. This study characterises atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles from a European Space Agency climate project. Using weather balloon measurements, we demonstrated the performance of this dataset was within the tolerances required for future climate studies.
Ze Chen, Yufang Tian, Yinan Wang, Yongheng Bi, Xue Wu, Juan Huo, Linjun Pan, Yong Wang, and Daren Lü
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4785–4800, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4785-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4785-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Small-scale turbulence plays a vital role in the vertical exchange of heat, momentum and mass in the atmosphere. There are currently three models that can use spectrum width data of MST radar to calculate turbulence parameters. However, few studies have explored the applicability of the three calculation models. We compared and analysed the turbulence parameters calculated by three models. These results can provide a reference for the selection of models for calculating turbulence parameters.
Damao Zhang, Jennifer Comstock, and Victor Morris
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4735–4749, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4735-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4735-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The planetary boundary layer is the lowest part of the atmosphere. Its structure and depth (PBLHT) significantly impact air quality, global climate, land–atmosphere interactions, and a wide range of atmospheric processes. To test the robustness of the ceilometer-estimated PBLHT under different atmospheric conditions, we compared ceilometer- and radiosonde-estimated PBLHTs using multiple years of U.S. DOE ARM measurements at various ARM observatories located around the world.
Rachel Robey and Julie K. Lundquist
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4585–4622, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4585-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4585-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our work investigates the behavior of errors in remote-sensing wind lidar measurements due to turbulence. Using a virtual instrument, we measured winds in simulated atmospheric flows and decomposed the resulting error. Dominant error mechanisms, particularly vertical velocity variations and interactions with shear, were identified in ensemble data over three test cases. By analyzing the underlying mechanisms, the response of the error behavior to further varying flow conditions may be projected.
Donato Summa, Fabio Madonna, Noemi Franco, Benedetto De Rosa, and Paolo Di Girolamo
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4153–4170, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4153-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4153-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) has an important impact on meteorology. However, the complexity of the phenomena occurring within the ABL and the influence of advection and local accumulation processes often prevent an unambiguous determination of the ABLH. The paper reports results from an inter-comparison effort involving different sensors and techniques to measure the ABLH. Correlations between the ABLH and other atmospheric variables are also assessed.
Haichen Zuo, Charlotte Bay Hasager, Ioanna Karagali, Ad Stoffelen, Gert-Jan Marseille, and Jos de Kloe
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4107–4124, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Aeolus satellite was launched in 2018 for global wind profile measurement. After successful operation, the error characteristics of Aeolus wind products have not yet been studied over Australia. To complement earlier validation studies, we evaluated the Aeolus Level-2B11 wind product over Australia with ground-based wind profiling radar measurements and numerical weather prediction model equivalents. The results show that the Aeolus can detect winds with sufficient accuracy over Australia.
Carmen González, José M. Vilaplana, José A. Bogeat, and Antonio Serrano
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4125–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring ultraviolet (UV) radiation is important since it can have harmful effects on the biosphere. Array spectroradiometers are increasingly used to measure UV as they are more versatile than scanning spectroradiometers. In this study, the long-term performance of the BTS-2048-UV-S-WP array spectroradiometer was assessed. The results show that the BTS can reliably measure both the UV index and UV radiation in the 300–360 nm range. Moreover, the BTS was stable and showed no seasonal behavior.
Charlotte Rahlves, Frank Beyrich, and Siegfried Raasch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2839–2856, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2839-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2839-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Lidars can measure the wind profile in the lower part of the atmosphere, provided that the wind field is horizontally uniform and does not change during the time of the measurement. These requirements are mostly not fulfilled in reality, and the lidar wind measurement will thus hold a certain error. We investigate different strategies for lidar wind profiling using a lidar simulator implemented in a numerical simulation of the wind field. Our findings can help to improve wind measurements.
Katherine E. Lukens, Kayo Ide, Kevin Garrett, Hui Liu, David Santek, Brett Hoover, and Ross N. Hoffman
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2719–2743, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2719-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2719-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Winds that are crucial to weather forecasting derived from two different techniques – tracking satellite images (AMVs) and direct measurement of molecular and aerosol motions by Doppler lidar (Aeolus satellite winds) – are compared. We find that AMVs and Aeolus winds are highly correlated. Aeolus Mie-cloudy winds have great potential value as a comparison standard for AMVs. Larger differences are found in the Southern Hemisphere related to higher wind speed and higher vertical variation in wind.
Marijn Floris van Dooren, Anantha Padmanabhan Kidambi Sekar, Lars Neuhaus, Torben Mikkelsen, Michael Hölling, and Martin Kühn
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 1355–1372, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1355-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-1355-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The remote sensing technique lidar is widely used for wind speed measurements for both industrial and academic applications. Lidars can measure wind statistics accurately but cannot fully capture turbulent fluctuations in the high-frequency range, since they are partly filtered out. This paper therefore investigates the turbulence spectrum measured by a continuous-wave lidar and analytically models the lidar's measured spectrum with a Lorentzian filter function and a white noise term.
Alain Protat, Valentin Louf, Joshua Soderholm, Jordan Brook, and William Ponsonby
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 915–926, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-915-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-915-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses collocated ship-based, ground-based, and spaceborne radar observations to validate the concept of using the GPM spaceborne radar observations to calibrate national weather radar networks to the accuracy required for operational severe weather applications such as rainfall and hail nowcasting.
Wagner Wolff, Aart Overeem, Hidde Leijnse, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 485–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-485-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-485-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The existing infrastructure for cellular communication is promising for ground-based rainfall remote sensing. Rain-induced signal attenuation is used in dedicated algorithms for retrieving rainfall depth along commercial microwave links (CMLs) between cell phone towers. This processing is a source of many uncertainties about input data, algorithm structures, parameters, CML network, and local climate. Application of a stochastic optimization method leads to improved CML rainfall estimates.
Songhua Wu, Kangwen Sun, Guangyao Dai, Xiaoye Wang, Xiaoying Liu, Bingyi Liu, Xiaoquan Song, Oliver Reitebuch, Rongzhong Li, Jiaping Yin, and Xitao Wang
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 131–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-131-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-131-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the VAL-OUC campaign, we established a coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) network over China to verify the Level 2B (L2B) products from Aeolus. By the simultaneous wind measurements with CDLs at 17 stations, the L2B products from Aeolus are compared with those from CDLs. To our knowledge, the VAL-OUC campaign is the most extensive so far between CDLs and Aeolus in the lower troposphere for different atmospheric scenes. The vertical velocity impact on the HLOS retrieval from Aeolus is evaluated.
Karina Wilgan, Galina Dick, Florian Zus, and Jens Wickert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 21–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-21-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-21-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The assimilation of GNSS data in weather models has a positive impact on the forecasts. The impact is still limited due to using only the GPS zenith direction parameters. We calculate and validate more advanced tropospheric products from three satellite systems: the US American GPS, Russian GLONASS and European Galileo. The quality of all the solutions is comparable; however, combining more GNSS systems enhances the observations' geometry and improves the quality of the weather forecasts.
Hironori Iwai, Makoto Aoki, Mitsuru Oshiro, and Shoken Ishii
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 7255–7275, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7255-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7255-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The first space-based Doppler wind lidar on board the Aeolus satellite was launched on 22 August 2018 to obtain global horizontal wind profiles. In this study, wind profilers, ground-based coherent Doppler wind lidars, and GPS radiosondes were used to validate the quality of Aeolus Level 2B wind products over Japan during three different periods. The results show that Aeolus can measure the horizontal winds over Japan accurately.
Tim A. van Kempen, Filippo Oggionni, and Richard M. van Hees
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6711–6722, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6711-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6711-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Validation of the instrument stability of the TROPOMI-SWIR module is done by monitoring a group of very stable and remote locations in the Saharan and Arabian deserts. These results confirm the excellent stability and lack of degradation of the TROPOMI-SWIR module derived from the internal calibration sources. The method was done for the first time on a spectrometer in the short-wave infrared and ensures TROPOMI-SWIR can be used for atmospheric research for years to come.
Susanna Hagelin, Roohollah Azad, Magnus Lindskog, Harald Schyberg, and Heiner Körnich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5925–5938, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5925-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5925-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we study the impact of using wind observations from the Aeolus satellite, which provides wind speed profiles globally, in our numerical weather prediction system using a regional model covering the Nordic countries. The wind speed profiles from Aeolus are assimilated by the model, and we see that they have an impact on both the model analysis and forecast, though given the relatively few observations available the impact is often small.
Yuefei Zeng, Tijana Janjic, Yuxuan Feng, Ulrich Blahak, Alberto de Lozar, Elisabeth Bauernschubert, Klaus Stephan, and Jinzhong Min
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5735–5756, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observation errors (OEs) of radar measurements are correlated. The Desroziers method has been often used to estimate statistics of OE in data assimilation. However, the resulting statistics consist of contributions from different sources and are difficult to interpret. Here, we use an approach based on samples for truncation error to approximate the representation error due to unresolved scales and processes (RE) and compare its statistics with OE statistics estimated by the Desroziers method.
Evgenia Belova, Sheila Kirkwood, Peter Voelger, Sourav Chatterjee, Karathazhiyath Satheesan, Susanna Hagelin, Magnus Lindskog, and Heiner Körnich
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5415–5428, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5415-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5415-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wind measurements from two radars (ESRAD in Arctic Sweden and MARA at the Indian Antarctic station Maitri) are compared with lidar winds from the ESA satellite Aeolus, for July–December 2019. The aim is to check if Aeolus data processing is adequate for the sunlit conditions of polar summer. Agreement is generally good with bias in Aeolus winds < 1 m/s in most circumstances. The exception is a large bias (7 m/s) when the satellite has crossed a sunlit Antarctic ice cap before passing MARA.
Ramashray Yadav, Ram Kumar Giri, and Virendra Singh
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4857–4877, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4857-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4857-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed an intercomparison of seasonal and annual studies of retrievals of integrated precipitable water vapor (IPWV) carried out by INSAT-3DR satellite-borne infrared radiometer sounding and CAMS reanalysis data with ground-based Indian GNSS data. The magnitude and sign of the bias of INSAT-3DR and CAMS with respect to GNSS IPWV differs from station to station and season to season. A statistical evaluation of the collocated data sets was done to improve day-to-day weather forecasting.
Matic Šavli, Vivien Pourret, Christophe Payan, and Jean-François Mahfouf
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4721–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4721-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4721-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The ESA's Aeolus satellite wind retrieval is provided through a series of processors. It depends on the temperature and pressure specification, which, however, are not measured by the satellite. The numerical weather predicted values are used instead, but these are erroneous. This article studies the sensitivity of the wind retrieval by introducing errors in temperature and pressure. This has been found to be small for Aeolus but is expected to be more crucial for future missions.
Kristopher M. Bedka, Amin R. Nehrir, Michael Kavaya, Rory Barton-Grimley, Mark Beaubien, Brian Carroll, James Collins, John Cooney, G. David Emmitt, Steven Greco, Susan Kooi, Tsengdar Lee, Zhaoyan Liu, Sharon Rodier, and Gail Skofronick-Jackson
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4305–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates the Doppler Aerosol WiNd (DAWN) lidar and High Altitude Lidar Observatory (HALO) measurement capabilities across a range of atmospheric conditions, compares DAWN and HALO measurements with Aeolus satellite Doppler wind lidar to gain an initial perspective of Aeolus performance, and discusses how atmospheric dynamic processes can be resolved and better understood through simultaneous observations of wind, water vapour, and aerosol profile observations.
Emranul Sarkar, Alexander Kozlovsky, Thomas Ulich, Ilkka Virtanen, Mark Lester, and Bernd Kaifler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 4157–4169, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4157-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-4157-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The biasing effect in meteor radar temperature has been a pressing issue for the last 2 decades. This paper has addressed the underlying reasons for such a biasing effect on both theoretical and experimental grounds. An improved statistical method has been developed which allows atmospheric temperatures at around 90 km to be measured with meteor radar in an independent way such that any subsequent bias correction or calibration is no longer required.
Wei Zhong, Xianghui Xue, Wen Yi, Iain M. Reid, Tingdi Chen, and Xiankang Dou
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 3973–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3973-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3973-2021, 2021
Evgenia Belova, Peter Voelger, Sheila Kirkwood, Susanna Hagelin, Magnus Lindskog, Heiner Körnich, Sourav Chatterjee, and Karathazhiyath Satheesan
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2813–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2813-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2813-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We validate horizontal wind measurements at altitudes of 0.5–14 km made with atmospheric radars: ESRAD located near Kiruna in the Swedish Arctic and MARA at the Indian research station Maitri in Antarctica, by comparison with radiosondes, the regional model HARMONIE-AROME and the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis. Good agreement was found in general, and radar bias and uncertainty were estimated. These radars are planned to be used for validation of winds measured by lidar by the ESA satellite Aeolus.
Gizachew Kabite Wedajo, Misgana Kebede Muleta, and Berhan Gessesse Awoke
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2299–2316, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2299-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2299-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) are alternative data sources for data-scarce basins. However, the accuracy of the products is plagued by multiple sources of errors. Therefore, SREs should be evaluated for particular basins before being used for other applications. The results of the study showed that CHIRPS2 and IMERG6 estimated rainfall and predicted hydrologic simulations well for Dhidhessa River Basin, which shows remote sensing technology could improve hydrologic studies.
Steven Knoop, Fred C. Bosveld, Marijn J. de Haij, and Arnoud Apituley
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 2219–2235, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Doppler wind lidars are laser-based remote sensing instruments that measure the wind up to a few hundred metres or even a few kilometres. Their data can improve weather models and help forecasters. To investigate their accuracy and required meteorological conditions, we have carried out a 2-year measurement campaign of a wind lidar at our Cabauw test site and made a comparison with cup anemometers and wind vanes at several levels in a 213 m tall meteorological mast.
Joaquim V. Teixeira, Hai Nguyen, Derek J. Posselt, Hui Su, and Longtao Wu
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1941–1957, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1941-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1941-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wind-tracking algorithms produce atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) by tracking satellite observations. Accurately characterizing the uncertainties in AMVs is essential in assimilating them into data assimilation models. We develop a machine-learning-based approach for error characterization which involves Gaussian mixture model clustering and random forest using a simulation dataset of water vapor, AMVs, and true winds. We show that our method improves on existing AMV error characterizations.
Giovanni Martucci, Francisco Navas-Guzmán, Ludovic Renaud, Gonzague Romanens, S. Mahagammulla Gamage, Maxime Hervo, Pierre Jeannet, and Alexander Haefele
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 1333–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1333-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a validation of 1.5 years of pure rotational temperature data measured by the Raman lidar RALMO installed at the MeteoSwiss station of Payerne. The statistical results are in terms of bias and standard deviation with respect to two well-established radiosounding systems. The statistics are divided into daytime (bias = 0.28 K, SD = 0.62±0.03 K) and nighttime (bias = 0.29 K, SD = 0.66±0.06 K). The lidar temperature profiles are applied to cloud supersaturation studies.
Anders Tegtmeier Pedersen and Michael Courtney
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 889–903, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-889-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-889-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper suggests and describes a method for calibrating wind lidars using a rotating flywheel. An uncertainty analysis shows that a standard uncertainty of 0.1 % can be achieved, with the main contributor being the width of the laser beam which is in agreement with experimental results. The method can potentially lower the calibration uncertainty of wind lidars, which today is often based on cup anemometers, and thus lead to better wind assessments and perhaps more widespread use.
Kaisa Lakkala, Jukka Kujanpää, Colette Brogniez, Nicolas Henriot, Antti Arola, Margit Aun, Frédérique Auriol, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Germar Bernhard, Veerle De Bock, Maxime Catalfamo, Christine Deroo, Henri Diémoz, Luca Egli, Jean-Baptiste Forestier, Ilias Fountoulakis, Katerina Garane, Rosa Delia Garcia, Julian Gröbner, Seppo Hassinen, Anu Heikkilä, Stuart Henderson, Gregor Hülsen, Bjørn Johnsen, Niilo Kalakoski, Angelos Karanikolas, Tomi Karppinen, Kevin Lamy, Sergio F. León-Luis, Anders V. Lindfors, Jean-Marc Metzger, Fanny Minvielle, Harel B. Muskatel, Thierry Portafaix, Alberto Redondas, Ricardo Sanchez, Anna Maria Siani, Tove Svendby, and Johanna Tamminen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6999–7024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite was launched on 13 October 2017 to provide the atmospheric composition for atmosphere and climate research. Ground-based data from 25 sites located in Arctic, subarctic, temperate, equatorial and Antarctic
areas were used for the validation of the TROPOMI surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product. For most sites 60 %–80 % of TROPOMI data was within ± 20 % of ground-based data.
Pauline Martinet, Domenico Cimini, Frédéric Burnet, Benjamin Ménétrier, Yann Michel, and Vinciane Unger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6593–6611, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Each year large human and economical losses are due to fog episodes. However, fog forecasts remain quite inaccurate, partly due to a lack of observations in the atmospheric boundary layer. The benefit of ground-based microwave radiometers has been investigated and has demonstrated their capability of significantly improving the initial state of temperature and liquid water content profiles in current numerical weather prediction models, paving the way for improved fog forecasts in the future.
Holger Baars, Alina Herzog, Birgit Heese, Kevin Ohneiser, Karsten Hanbuch, Julian Hofer, Zhenping Yin, Ronny Engelmann, and Ulla Wandinger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6007–6024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6007-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6007-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A first validation for the European satellite Aeolus is presented. Aeolus is the first satellite that can actively measure horizontal wind profiles from space.
Radiosonde launches on board the German research vessel Polarstern have been utilized to validate Aeolus observations over the Atlantic Ocean, a region where almost no other reference measurements are available. It is shown that Aeolus is able to measure accurately atmospheric winds and thus may significantly improve weather forecasts.
Giacomo Roversi, Pier Paolo Alberoni, Anna Fornasiero, and Federico Porcù
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5779–5797, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5779-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5779-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The microwave signal travelling between two antennas of the commercial mobile backhaul network is strongly attenuated by rainfall. The open-source RAINLINK algorithm extracts rainfall rate maps, processing the attenuation data recorded by the transmission system. In this work, we applied RAINLINK to 357 Vodafone links in northern Italy and compared the outputs with the operational rain products of the local weather service (Arpae), outlining pros and cons and discussing error structure.
Clark J. Weaver, Pawan K. Bhartia, Dong L. Wu, Gordon J. Labow, and David E. Haffner
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5715–5723, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5715-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5715-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Currently, we do not know whether clouds will accelerate or moderate climate. We look to the past and ask whether cloudiness has changed over the last 4 decades. Using a suite of nine satellite instruments, we need to ensure that the first satellite, which was launched in 1980 and died in 1991, observed the same measurement as the eight other satellite instruments used in the record. If the instruments were measuring length and observing a 1.00 m long stick, they would all see 0.99 to 1.01 m.
Samuel Favrichon, Carlos Jimenez, and Catherine Prigent
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5481–5490, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5481-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5481-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring of satellite-derived variables is necessary for a better understanding of the evolution of Earth parameters at global scale. However different instruments' observations used over the years need to be inter-calibrated with each other to provide meaningful information. This paper describes how a linear correction can improve the observations from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer over continental surfaces to be more consistent with more recent radiometers.
Zhilu Wu, Yanxiong Liu, Yang Liu, Jungang Wang, Xiufeng He, Wenxue Xu, Maorong Ge, and Harald Schuh
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4963–4972, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4963-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4963-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The HY-2A calibration microwave radiometer (CMR) water vapor product is validated using ground-based GNSS observations along the coastline and shipborne GNSS observations over the Indian Ocean. The validation result shows that HY-2A CMR PWV agrees well with ground-based GNSS PWV, with 2.67 mm in rms within 100 km and an RMS of 1.57 mm with shipborne GNSS for the distance threshold of 100 km. Ground-based GNSS and shipborne GNSS agree with HY-2A CMR well.
Viswanathan Bringi, Kumar Vijay Mishra, Merhala Thurai, Patrick C. Kennedy, and Timothy H. Raupach
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4727–4750, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4727-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4727-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The raindrop size distribution and its moments are fundamental in many areas, such as radar measurement of rainfall using polarimetry and numerical modeling of the microphysical processes of rain formation and evolution. We develop a technique which uses advanced radar measurements and complete drop size distributions using two collocated instruments to retrieve the lower-order moments such as total drop concentration and rain water content. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept using a case study.
Allan C. Just, Yang Liu, Meytar Sorek-Hamer, Johnathan Rush, Michael Dorman, Robert Chatfield, Yujie Wang, Alexei Lyapustin, and Itai Kloog
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 4669–4681, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A flexible machine-learning model was fit to explain the differences between estimates of water vapor from satellites versus ground stations in Northeastern USA. We use nine variables derived from the satellite acquisition and ground characteristics to explain this measurement error. Our results showed overall good agreement, but data from the Terra satellite were drifting too high in recent summers. Our model reduces measurement error and works well in new locations in the northeast.
Hans Gleisner, Kent B. Lauritsen, Johannes K. Nielsen, and Stig Syndergaard
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 3081–3098, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3081-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3081-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Data from GPS radio occultation (RO) instruments aboard a series of satellites have been reprocessed by the ROM SAF. We describe the monthly mean RO climate data records (CDRs) and the methods for removing sampling errors. The quality of the CDRs is evaluated, with a focus on systematic differences between satellite missions. Between 8 and 30 km, the data quality and the inter-mission differences are small enough to allow the generation of combined multi-mission data records starting in 2001.
Andrea K. Steiner, Florian Ladstädter, Chi O. Ao, Hans Gleisner, Shu-Peng Ho, Doug Hunt, Torsten Schmidt, Ulrich Foelsche, Gottfried Kirchengast, Ying-Hwa Kuo, Kent B. Lauritsen, Anthony J. Mannucci, Johannes K. Nielsen, William Schreiner, Marc Schwärz, Sergey Sokolovskiy, Stig Syndergaard, and Jens Wickert
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2547–2575, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
High-quality observations are critically important for monitoring the Earth’s changing climate. We provide information on the consistency and long-term stability of observations from GPS radio occultation (RO). We assess, for the first time, RO records from multiple RO missions and all major RO data providers. Our results quantify where RO can be used for reliable trend assessment and confirm its climate quality.
Benjamin Witschas, Christian Lemmerz, Alexander Geiß, Oliver Lux, Uwe Marksteiner, Stephan Rahm, Oliver Reitebuch, and Fabian Weiler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2381–2396, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Aeolus, the first ever wind lidar in space, has been providing wind profiles on a global scale since its launch. In order to validate the quality of Aeolus wind observations, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) recently performed two airborne campaigns over central Europe deploying two different Doppler wind lidars. A total of 10 satellite underflights were performed and used to validate the early-stage wind data product of Aeolus by means of collocated airborne wind lidar observations.
Oliver Lux, Christian Lemmerz, Fabian Weiler, Uwe Marksteiner, Benjamin Witschas, Stephan Rahm, Alexander Geiß, and Oliver Reitebuch
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 2075–2097, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2075-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2075-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This work reports on the first airborne validation campaign of ESA’s Earth Explorer mission Aeolus, conducted in central Europe during the commissioning phase in November 2018. After presenting the methodology used to compare the data sets from the satellite, the airborne wind lidar and the ECWMF model, the wind results from the underflights performed are analyzed and discussed, providing a first assessment of the accuracy and precision of the preliminary Aeolus wind data.
Ramon Padullés, Chi O. Ao, F. Joseph Turk, Manuel de la Torre Juárez, Byron Iijima, Kuo Nung Wang, and Estel Cardellach
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1299–1313, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1299-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1299-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we thoroughly address the calibration and validation of the new polarimetric radio occultation (PRO) observables. These represent an innovative way to obtain vertical profiles of precipitation along with thermodynamic observations of the same scene. First we perform the on-orbit calibration of the measurement. Then, we show how the PRO observables are sensitive to the presence and intensity of rain by looking for coincident precipitation measurements from independent missions.
Freek Liefhebber, Sarah Lammens, Paul W. G. Brussee, André Bos, Viju O. John, Frank Rüthrich, Jacobus Onderwaater, Michael G. Grant, and Jörg Schulz
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 1167–1179, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1167-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1167-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper addresses the need for automatic quality control of a whole series of Earth observation (EO) time series extending a period of over 40 years. Such a dataset is valuable and may provide important information about trends related to geo-physical processes. Furthermore, as the dataset is that large, there is a need to completely automate the processes, as otherwise the effort would become impracticable. The result is a system with a high probability of detection and low false alarm rate.
Felix Erdmann, Eric Defer, Olivier Caumont, Richard J. Blakeslee, Stéphane Pédeboy, and Sylvain Coquillat
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 853–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-853-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-853-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This article compares lightning observations from an optical sensor onboard the International Space Station to two ground-based networks using different radio frequencies. The location and timing of coincident flashes agree well for the three instruments. Differences exist for the detected number of flashes and the characteristics. Small flashes in particular are not always detected by all three instruments. About half of the flashes at altitudes below 10 km are not seen by the satellite sensor.
Irene Crisologo and Maik Heistermann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 645–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-645-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-645-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Archives of radar observations often suffer from errors, one of which is calibration. However, it is possible to correct them after the fact by using satellite radars as a calibration reference. We propose improvements to this calibration method by considering factors that affect the data quality, such that poor quality data gets filtered out in the bias calculation by assigning weights. We also show that the bias can be interpolated in time even for days when there are no satellite data.
Cited articles
Alexander, M. J.: Interpretations of observed climatological patterns in
stratospheric gravity wave variance, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 8627–8640,
1998.
Alexander, M. J. and Barnet, C.: Using Satellite Observations to Constrain
Parameterizations of Gravity Wave Effects for Global Models, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1652–1665, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3897.1, 2007.
Alexander, M. J. and Grimsdell, A. W.: Seasonal cycle of orographic gravity
wave occurrence above small islands in the Southern Hemisphere: Implications
for effects on the general circulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 11589–11599, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020526, 2013.
Alexander, M. J., Gille, J. C., Cavanaugh, C., Coffey, M., Craig, C., Eden, T.,
Francis, G., Halvorson, C., Hannigan, J., Khosravi, R., Kinnison, D., Lee,
H., Massie, S., Nardi, B., Barnett, J., Hepplewhite, C., Lambert, A., and
Dean, V.: Global estimates of gravity wave momentum flux from High
Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder observations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008807,
2008a.
Alexander, M. J., Eckermann, S. D., Broutman, D., and Ma, J.: Momentum flux
estimates for South Georgia Island mountain waves in the stratosphere
observed via satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12816,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038587, 2009a.
Alexander, M. J., Geller, M. A., McLandress, C., Polavarapu, S., Preusse, P.,
Sassi, F., Sato, K., Eckermann, S. D., Ern, M., Hertzog, A., Kawatani, Y.,
Pulido, M., Shaw, T. A., Sigmond, M., Vincent, R. A., and Watanabe, S.:
Recent developments in gravity-wave effects in climate models and the global
distribution of gravity-wave momentum flux from observations and models,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1103–1124,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.637, 2010.
Alexander, P., Luna, D., de la Torre, A., and Schmidt, T.: Distribution
functions and statistical parameters that may be used to characterize limb
sounders gravity wave climatologies in the stratosphere, Adv. Space Res., 56, 619–633, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2015.05.007,
2015.
Alexander, S. P., Tsuda, T., and Kawatani, Y.: COSMIC GPS Observations of
Northern Hemisphere winter stratospheric gravity waves and comparisons with
an atmospheric general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35,
L10808, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033174, 2008b.
Alexander, S. P., Klekociuk, A. R., and Tsuda, T.: Gravity wave and orographic
wave activity observed around the Antarctic and Arctic stratospheric vortices
by the COSMIC GPS-RO satellite constellation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011851,
2009b.
Anthes, R. A., Bernhardt, P. A., Chen, Y., Cucurull, L., Dymond, K. F., Ector,
D., Healy, S. B., Ho, S. P., Hunt, D. C., Kuo, Y. H., Liu, H., Manning, K.,
McCormick, C., Meehan, T. K., Randel, W. J., Rocken, C., Schreiner, W. S.,
Sokolovskiy, S. V., Syndergaard, S., Thompson, D. C., Trenberth, K. E., Wee,
T. K., Yen, N. L., and Zeng, Z.: The COSMIC/Formosat-3 mission: Early
results, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 313–333,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-89-3-313, 2008.
Aumann, H. H., Chahine, M. T., Gautier, C., Goldberg, M. D., Kalnay, E.,
McMillin, L. M., Revercomb, H., Rosenkranz, P. W., Smith, W. L., Staelin,
D. H., Strow, L. L., and Susskind, J.: AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission:
design, science objectives, data products, and processing systems,
IEEE Geosci. Remote S., 41, 253–264,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808356, 2003.
Balsley, B. B. and Garello, R.: The kinetic energy density in the troposphere,
stratosphere and mesosphere: A preliminary study using the Poker Flat MST radar in
Alaska, Radio Sci., 20, 1355–1361, https://doi.org/10.1029/RS020i006p01355, 1985.
Barnett, J. J., Hepplewhite, C. L., Osprey, S., Gille, J. C., and Khosravi, R.:
Cross-validation of HIRDLS and COSMIC radio-occultation retrievals,
particularly in relation to fine vertical structure, Proceedings of SPIE,
7082, 708216–708216-7, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.800702, 2008.
Baumgaertner, A. J. G. and McDonald, A. J.: A gravity wave climatology for Antarctica
compiled from Challenging Minisatellite Payload/Global Positioning System (CHAMP/GPS)
radio occultations, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 112, D05103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007504, 2007.
Beldon, C. L. and Mitchell, N. J.: Gravity waves in the mesopause region
observed by meteor radar, 2: Climatologies of gravity waves in the Antarctic
and Arctic, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 71,
875–884, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.03.009, 2009.
Davies, R. N., Wright, C. J., Howells, V. S. C., Janches, D., and Mitchell,
N. J.: Gravity-Wave Momentum Fluxes in the MLT region over the Southern
Andes and Antarctic Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in preparation,
2015.
Dowdy, A. J., Vincent, R. a., Tsutsumi, M., Igarashi, K., Murayama, Y., Singer,
W., and Murphy, D. J.: Polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere dynamics: 1.
Mean wind and gravity wave climatologies, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, D17104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008126, 2007.
Eckermann, S. D. and Wu, D. L.: Satellite detection of orographic gravity-wave
activity in the winter subtropical stratosphere over Australia and Africa,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L21807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053791, 2012.
ECMWF: Assimilated Data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather
Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis program, avialable at:
http://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/c46248046f6ce34fc7660a36d9b10a71 (last access: 26 February 2016), 2015.
Ern, M. and Preusse, P.: Gravity wave momentum flux spectra observed from
satellite in the summertime subtropics: Implications for global modeling,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052659, 2012.
Ern, M., Preusse, P., Alexander, M. J., and Warner, C. D.: Absolute
values of gravity wave momentum flux derived from satellite data,
J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, D20103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004752, 2004.
Ern, M., Preusse, P., Gille, J. C., Hepplewhite,
C. L., Mlynczak, M. G., Russell III, J. M., and Riese,
M.: Implications for atmospheric dynamics derived from global
observations of gravity wave momentum flux in stratosphere and mesosphere,
J. Geophys. Res., 116, D19107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015821, 2011.
Ern, M., Ploeger, F., Preusse, P., Gille, J. C., Gray, L. J., Kalisch, S.,
Mlynczak, M. G., Russell III, J. M., and Riese, M.: Interaction of gravity
waves with the QBO: A satellite perspective, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 2329–2355, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020731,
2014.
Faber, A., Llamedo, P., Schmidt, T., de la Torre, A., and Wickert, J.: On the
determination of gravity wave momentum flux from GPS radio occultation data,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3169–3180, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-3169-2013, 2013.
France, J. A., Harvey, V. L., Alexander, M. J., Randall, C. E., and Gille,
J. C.: High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder observations of the gravity
wave-driven elevated stratopause in 2006, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017958, 2012.
Fritts, D. C. and Alexander, M. J.: Gravity Wave Dynamics and Effects in the
Middle Atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41, 1–64,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001RG000106, 2003.
Fritts, D. C., Janches, D., and Hocking, W. K.: Southern Argentina agile
meteor radar: Initial assessment of gravity wave momentum fluxes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D19123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013891,
2010.
Geller, M. A. and J. Gong: Gravity wave kinetic, potential, and vertical
fluctuation energies as indicators of different frequency gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012266, 2010.
Geller, M. A., Alexander, M. J., Love, P. T., Bacmeister, J. T., Ern, M.,
Hertzog, A., Manzini, E., Preusse, P., Sato, K., Scaife, A. a., and Zhou, T.:
A Comparison between Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes in Observations and
Climate Models, J. Climate, 26, 6383–6405,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00545.1, 2013.
Gille, J., Barnett, J., Whitney, J., Dials, M., Woodard, D., Rudolf, W.,
Lambert, A., and Mankin, W.: The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder
(HIRDLS) Experiment on Aura, 5152, 162–171, 2003.
Gille, J. C., Barnett, J. J., Arter, P., Barker, M., Bernath, P., Boone, C.,
Cavanaugh, C., Chow, J., Coffey, M., Craft, J., Craig, C., Dials, M., Dean,
V., Eden, T., Edwards, D. P., Francis, G., Halvorson, C., Harvey, L.,
Hepplewhite, C., Khosravi, R., Kinnison, D., Krinsky, C., Lambert, A., Lee,
H., Lyjak, L., Loh, J., Mankin, W., Massie, S., McInerney, J., Moorhouse, J.,
Nardi, B., Packman, D., Randall, C., Reburn, J., Rudolf, W., Schwartz, M.,
Serafin, J., Stone, K., Torpy, B., Walker, K., Waterfall, A., Watkins, R.,
Whitney, J., Woodard, D., and Young, G.: High Resolution Dynamics Limb
Sounder: Experiment overview, recovery, and validation of initial temperature
data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D16S43,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008824, 2008.
Gille, J. C., Gray, L. J., Cavanaugh, C. C., Coffey, M. T., Dean, V.,
Halvorson, C. M., Karol, S., Khosravi, R., Kinnison, D. E., Massie, S. T.,
Nardi, B., Belmonte Rivas, M., Smith, L., Torpy, B., Waterfall, A., and
Wright, C. J.: High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder Earth Observing System
Data Description and Quality, Version 7, Tech. rep., 2013.
Gong, J., Wu, D. L., and Eckermann, S. D.: Gravity wave variances and
propagation derived from AIRS radiances, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1701–1720,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1701-2012, 2012.
Gong, J., Yue, J., and Wu, D. L.: Global survey of concentric gravity waves in
AIRS images and ECMWF analyses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 2210–2228, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022527,
2015.
Guest, F. M., Reeder, M. J., Marks, C. J., and Karoly, D. J.: Inertia-gravity
waves observed in the lower stratosphere over Macquarie Island, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 737–752,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0737:IGWOIT>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Händel, P.: Properties of the IEEE-STD-1057 four-parameter sine wave fit
algorithm, IEEE T. Instrum. Meas., 49,
1189–1193, https://doi.org/10.1109/19.893254, 2000.
Hei, H., Tsuda, T., and Hirooka, T.: Characteristics of atmospheric gravity
wave activity in the polar regions revealed by GPS radio occultation data
with CHAMP, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D04107,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008938, 2008.
Hertzog, A., Boccara, G., Vincent, R. a., Vial, F., and Cocquerez, P.:
Estimation of Gravity Wave Momentum Flux and Phase Speeds from
Quasi-Lagrangian Stratospheric Balloon Flights. Part II: Results from the
Vorcore Campaign in Antarctica, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3056–3070,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2710.1,
2008.
Hertzog, A., Alexander, M. J., and Plougonven, R.: On the intermittency of
gravity-wave momentum flux in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3056–3070, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-09.1,
2012.
Hindley, N. P., Wright, C. J., Smith, N. D., and Mitchell, N. J.: The
southern stratospheric gravity wave hot spot: individual waves and their
momentum fluxes measured by COSMIC GPS-RO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15,
7797–7818, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7797-2015, 2015.
Hocking, W. K.: A new approach to momentum flux determinations using SKiYMET
meteor radars, Ann. Geophys., 23, 2433–2439, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2433-2005,
2005.
Hoffmann, L. and Alexander, M. J.: Retrieval of stratospheric temperatures
from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder radiance measurements for gravity wave
studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D07105,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011241, 2009.
Hoffmann, L., Alexander, M. J., Clerbaux, C., Grimsdell, A. W., Meyer, C. I.,
Rößler, T., and Tournier, B.: Intercomparison of stratospheric gravity wave
observations with AIRS and IASI, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4517–4537,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4517-2014, 2014.
John, S. R. and Kumar, K. K.: TIMED/SABER observations of global gravity wave
climatology and their interannual variability from stratosphere to mesosphere
lower thermosphere, Clim. Dynam., 39, 1489–1505,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1329-9, 2012.
John, S. R. and Kumar, K. K.: A discussion on the methods of extracting
gravity wave perturbations from space-based measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2406–2410, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50451, 2013.
Khosravi, R., Lambert, A., Lee, H., Gille, J., Barnett, J., Francis, G.,
Edwards, D., Halvorson, C., Massie, S., Craig, C., Krinsky, C., McInerney,
J., Stone, K., Eden, T., Nardi, B., Hepplewhite, C., Mankin, W., and Coffey,
M.: Overview and characterization of retrievals of temperature, pressure,
and atmospheric constituents from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder
(HIRDLS) measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D20304,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011937, 2009.
Krebsbach, M. and Preusse, P.: Spectral analysis of gravity wave activity in
SABER temperature data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03814,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028040, 2007.
Kursinski, E. R., Hajj, G. A., Schofield, J. T., Linfield, R. P., and Hardy,
K. R.: Observing Earth's atmosphere with radio occultation measurements
using the Global Positioning System, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23429–23465,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01569, 1997.
Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., Manney, G. L.,
Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L., Schwartz, M. J., Wang, S., Cofield, R. E.,
Cuddy, D. T., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F., Jiang, J. H., Knosp, B. W., Stek,
P. C., Wagner, P. A., and Wu, D. L.: Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura
Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Data Quality and Description, version 3.3 and
3.4, 2013.
Livesey, N. J., Read, W. G., Wagner, P. A., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A.,
Manney, G. L., Millán Valle, L., Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L.,
Schwartz, M. J., Wang, S., Fuller, R. A., Jarnot, R. F., Knosp, B. W., and
Martinez, E.: Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)
Data Quality and Description, version 4.2, 2015.
McDonald, A. J.: Gravity wave occurrence statistics derived from paired
COSMIC/FORMOSAT3 observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
117, D15106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016715, 2012.
McDonald, A. J., Tan, B., and Chu, X.: Role of gravity waves in the spatial
and temporal variability of stratospheric temperature measured by
COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 and Rayleigh lidar observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D19128, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013658,
2010.
Mertens, C. J., Russell, J. M., Mlynczak, M. G., She, C. Y., Schmidlin, F. J.,
Goldberg, R. a., López-Puertas, M., Wintersteiner, P. P., Picard, R. H.,
Winick, J. R., and Xu, X.: Kinetic temperature and carbon dioxide from
broadband infrared limb emission measurements taken from the TIMED/SABER
instrument, Adv. Space Res., 43, 15–27,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2008.04.017, 2009.
Met Office: Met Office High Resolution Radiosonde Data from the Falkland
Islands, available at: http://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/c1e2240c353f8edeb98087e90e6d832e (last access: 26 February 2016),
2015.
Moffat-Griffin, T., Jarvis, M. J., Colwell, S. R., Kavanagh, a. J., Manney,
G. L., and Daffer, W. H.: Seasonal variations in lower stratospheric gravity
wave energy above the Falkland Islands, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10861–10869, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50859, 2013.
Niranjan Kumar, K., Ramkumar, T. K., and Krishnaiah, M.: Analysis of
large-amplitude stratospheric mountain wave event observed from the AIRS and
MLS sounders over the western Himalayan region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D22102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017410,
2012.
Olsen, E. T., Fishbein, E., Granger, S., Lee, S.-Y., Manning, E., Weiler, M.,
Blaisdell, J., and Susskind, J.: AIRS/AMSU/HSB Version 5 Data Release User
Guide , 2007.
Preusse, P., Eckermann, S. D., and Offermann, D.: Comparison of Global
Distributions of Zonal-Mean Gravity Wave variance Inferred from Different
Satellite Instruments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3877–3880, 2000.
Preusse, P., Dörnbrack, A., Eckermann, S. D., Riese, M., Schaeler, B.,
Bacmeister, J. T., Broutman, D., and Grossman, K. U.: Space-based
measurements of stratospheric mountain waves by CRISTA 1. Sensitivity,
analysis method, and a case study, J. Geophys. Res., 107,
8178, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000699, 2002.
Preusse, P., Eckermann, S. D., and Ern, M.: Transparency of the atmosphere to
short horizontal wavelength gravity waves, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D24104, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009682,
2008.
Preusse, P., Eckermann, S. D., Ern, M., Oberheide, J., Picard, R. H., Roble,
R. G., Riese, M., Russell, J. M., and Mlynczak, M. G.: Global ray tracing
simulations of the SABER gravity wave climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011214,
2009.
Remsberg, E. E., Marshall, B. T., Garcia-Comas, M., Krueger, D., Lingenfelser,
G. S., Martin-Torres, J., Mlynczak, M. G., III, J. M. R., Smith, A. K., Zhao,
Y., Brown, C., Gordley, L. L., Lopez-Gonzalez, M. J., Lopez-Puertas, M., She,
C.-Y., Taylor, M. J., and Thompson, R. E.: Assessment of the quality of the
Version 1.07 temperature-versus-pressure profiles of the middle atmosphere
from TIMED/SABER, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010013, 2008.
Sato, K., Tateno, S., Watanabe, S., and Kawatani, Y.: Gravity Wave
Characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere Revealed by a High-Resolution
Middle-Atmosphere General Circulation Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1378–1396,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-0101.1, 2012.
Savitzky, A. and Golay, M. J. E.: Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by
Simplified Least Squares Procedures, Anal. Chem., 36, 1627–1639,
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60214a047, 1964.
Schoeberl, M. R., Douglass, A. R., Hilsenrath, E., Bhartia, P. K., Beer, R.,
Waters, J. W., Gunson, M. R., Froidevaux, L., Gille, J. C., Barnett, J. J.,
Levelt, P. F., and DeCola, P.: Overview of the EOS-Aura mission, IEEE Geosci. Remote S., 44, 1066–1072,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2005.861950, 2006.
Schroeder, S., Preusse, P., Ern, M., and Riese, M.: Gravity waves resolved in
ECMWF and measured by SABER, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10805,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037054, 2009.
Smout, R., Nash, J., Hewison, T., and Smees, M.: Results of the RS92
Acceptance Test performed by the Met Office (UK), 44, 2005.
Stockwell, R. G., Mansinha, L., and Lowe, R.: Localization of the Complex
spectrum: The S Transform, IEEE T. Signal Proces., 44,
998–1001, https://doi.org/10.1109/78.492555, 1996.
Trinh, Q. T., Kalisch, S., Preusse, P., Chun, H.-Y., Eckermann, S. D., Ern,
M., and Riese, M.: A comprehensive observational filter for satellite
infrared limb sounding of gravity waves, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1491–1517,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1491-2015, 2015.
Tsuda, T., Lin, X., Hayashi, H., and Noersomadi: Analysis of vertical wave
number spectrum of atmospheric gravity waves in the stratosphere using COSMIC
GPS radio occultation data, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1627–1636,
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1627-2011, 2011.
Vincent, R. A. and Allen, S. J.: Gravity-Wave Parameters in the Lower
Stratosphere, in: Gravity Wave Processes and their Parameterization in
Global Climate Models, edited by: Hamilton, K., Berlin, Germany, 1996.
Šácha, P., Foelsche, U., and Pišoft, P.: Analysis of internal
gravity waves with GPS RO density profiles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7,
4123–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-4123-2014, 2014.
Wang, L. and Alexander, M. J.: Gravity wave activity during stratospheric
sudden warmings in the 2007–2008 Northern Hemisphere winter, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D18108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011867,
2009.
Wang, L. and Geller, M. A.: Morphology of gravity-wave energy as observed
from 4 years (1998–2001) of high vertical resolution U.S. radiosonde data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
108, 4489–4511, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002786, 2003.
Waters, J. W., Froidevaux, L., Harwood, R. S., Jarnot, R. F., Pickett, H. M.,
Read, W. G., Siegel, P. H., Cofield, R. E., Filipiak, M. J., Flower, D.,
Holden, J. R., Lau, G. K., Livesey, N. J., Manney, G. L., Pumphrey, H. C.,
Santee, M. L., Wu, D. L., Cuddy, D. T., Lay, R. R., Loo, M. S., Perun, V. S.,
Schwartz, M. J., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Boyles, M. A., Chandra,
K. M., Chavez, M. C., Chudasama, B. V., Dodge, R., Fuller, R. A., Girard, M.,
Jiang, J. H., Knosp, B. W., LaBelle, R. C., Lam, J. C., Lee, K., Miller, D.,
Oswald, J. E., Patel, N. C., Pukala, D. M., Quintero, O., Scaff, D. M., Van
Snyder, W., Tope, M. C., Wagner, P., and Walch, M. J.: The Earth Observing
System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) on the Aura Satellite, IEEE Geosci. Remote S., 44, 1075–1092,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.873771, 2006.
Wrasse, C., Fechine, J., Takahashi, H., Denardini, C., Wickert, J., Mlynczak,
M., Russell, J., and Barbosa, C.: Temperature comparison between CHAMP radio
occultation and TIMED/SABER measurements in the lower stratosphere, Adv. Space Res., 41, 1423–1428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.06.073,
2008.
Wright, C. J.: Stratospheric Gravity Wave Measurements using HIRDLS Data,
”{DPhil (PhD) Thesis, University of Oxford}”, University of Oxford,
http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ef4aa65d-67c1-43ac-90de-1b5bda6c8230 (last access: 12 February 2016), 2010.
Wright, C. J. and Gille, J. C.: HIRDLS observations of gravity wave momentum
fluxes over the monsoon regions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D12103,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015725, 2011.
Wright, C. J. and Gille, J. C.: Detecting overlapping gravity waves using the
S-Transform, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1850–1855,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50378, 2013.
Wright, C. J., Osprey, S. M., Barnett, J. J., Gray, L. J., and Gille, J. C.:
High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder measurements of gravity wave activity
in the 2006 Arctic stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D02105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011858,
2010.
Wright, C. J., Rivas, M. B., and Gille, J. C.: Intercomparisons of HIRDLS,
COSMIC and SABER for the detection of stratospheric gravity waves, Atmos.
Meas. Tech., 4, 1581–1591, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1581-2011, 2011.
Wright, C. J., Osprey, S. M., and Gille, J. C.: Global observations of gravity
wave intermittency and its impact on the observed momentum flux morphology,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10980–10993, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50869,
2013.
Wright, C. J., Osprey, S. M., and Gille, J. C.: Global distributions of
overlapping gravity waves in HIRDLS data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8459–8477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8459-2015, 2015.
Wright, C. J., Hindley, N. P., and Mitchell, N. J.:
Combining AIRS and MLS Observations for Three-Dimensional Gravity Wave Measurement,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 884–893, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067233, 2016.
Wu, D. L. and Eckermann, S. D.: Global Gravity Wave Variances from Aura MLS:
Characteristics and Interpretation, J. Atmos. Sci., 65,
3695–3718, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAS2489.1, 2008.
Wu, D. L., Preusse, P., Eckermann, S. D., Jiang,
J. H., de La Torre Juarez, M., Coy, L., and Wang, D. Y.: Remote sounding of atmospheric gravity waves with satellite limb and nadir techniques, Adv. Sp. Res., 37, 2269–2277,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.031, 2006.
Yan, X., Arnold, N., and Remedios, J.: Global observations of gravity waves
from High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder temperature measurements: A
yearlong record of temperature amplitude and vertical wavelength, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D10113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011511,
2010.
Zhang, Y., Xiong, J., Liu, L., and Wan, W.: A global morphology of gravity
wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the 8-year SABER/TIMED data,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D21101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017676, 2012.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(4007 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
Seven gravity-wave-resolving instruments (satellites, radiosondes and a meteor radar) are used to compare gravity-wave energy and vertical wavelength over the Southern Andes hotspot. Several conclusions are drawn, including that limb sounders and the radar show strong positive correlations. Radiosondes and AIRS weakly anticorrelate with other instruments and we see strong correlations with local stratospheric winds. Short-timescale variability is larger than the seasonal cycle.
Seven gravity-wave-resolving instruments (satellites, radiosondes and a meteor radar) are used...
